definition of nootropics
term "nootropic" was first proposed in 1972 by the author of the drug, "Piracetam (K. Zhiurdzhea) to refer to drugs with a specific activator impact on integrative functions of the brain that stimulate learning, improve memory and mental activity, increasing resistance to aggressive brain effects that enhance the cortico-subcortical connections. In recent years, suggested a somewhat different content of the term, providing that nootropic should be considered as a substance, activating the higher integrative brain activity, restoring the broken mnestic (ie related with memory) and mental function, reduce neurological deficits and increasing resistance to extreme conditions. Originally
nootropics were created for the treatment of: Parkinson's disease at early stages of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, narcolepsy, depression, a syndrome of disorders Attention and ADHD (attention deficit syndrome and giperaktivnostii). Seychas LU, Taki drugs stanovyatsya 'lifestyle drug' - takimi zhe, how, for example, Viagra. The Statistics port, third of the adult population in Europe and Japan taking drugs of this group.
Nootropiki and transhumanism
Transhumanists generally very positive attitude towards the use of nootropics. In 1995 the company was founded BLTC Research (Better Living Through Chemistry). Founder - David Pierce, co-founder of the World Transgumanisticheskoy Association . The company's goal - the development of biochemical and neurophysiological technologies to enhance human capabilities, creating opportunities for conscious human control over their own thinking, emotional and psychological processes. Task-max - long-term Technology Paradise-engineering project that aims to cope with the biological basis of human suffering and of all vested sentient beings on Earth. This can be achieved through research in the field of neuroscience, genetic engineering and the further restructuring of the brain.
Some principles of neyropreparatov.
release or block supplies of neurotransmitters (such as dopamine, serotonin and many others), accelerate or slow down their synthesis, stimulate or block the synaptic receptors, stimulate the return of neurotransmitters, etc. Effects do not always trust, usually complex, because any change can affect many aspects of nervous activity. It also creates the problem of side effects. Creation of detailed models of the brain (eg, as in the draft IBM Blue Brain) will allow a better understanding of his work, so will create a more selective (and therefore more effective and safe) nootropic drugs.
Side effects of nootropics
Total nnotropiki are a safe class of drugs. The most dangerous (and therefore - More than "swear" in society) is Ritalin. Before using Prozac are urged to consult with your doctor.
Specific nootropic drugs.
Glycine
piano and: Poor Anti-depressant, Learning
Glycine - an amino acid that improves metabolism in the brain. The drug is absolutely harmless. Has a calming effect, no narcotic effect not imeet.Yavlyaetsya food additive (code - E640).
Application: Cerebral circulation; impaired memory, thinking, aging, alcoholism, vegetative-vascular dystonia. Take 1 tablet under the tongue, and to dissolve.
When you receive large (10 or more) count tablets - possible effect of the intensification of dreams.
average price - 16-20 rubles (100 mg, 50 pieces of tablets)
Amphetamines
piano and: Anti-depressant, Stimulant
Amphetamine (list 2), dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine (list 1) are the stimulants of the CNS. By 1937 the ninth year amphetamine became commercially available by prescription in the form tablets and prinimenyalsya in the treatment of ADHD. In the United States Air Force from World War II, amphetamines, and until 1992 was used as a "pill alert" for pilots. There information that they "secretly" apply now (see, for example incident in Iraq ). To reverse the effect, to help pilots sleep after amphetamine used Ambien. Widespread from truckers, athletes, office workers and students, as well as a means for treating moderate depression.
widely distributed on the black market, is actively produced in the "underground" laboratories. Amphetamines have a number of frequent side effects and can be addictive, so their use is dangerous and not recommended. In Russia, the medical use of amphetamines is prohibited.
Piracetam
piano and: Cognitive Functions
first synthesized in 1963. The main mechanism of action of piracetam, like many other nootropics, due to the change of metabolic, bioenergetic processes in nerve cells, increasing the rate of turnover information macromolecules and activation of protein synthesis. Due to their properties Piracetam has found extremely wide application in the treatment of various cognitive disorders, including mnemonic arising from hypoxia, intoxication, acute or chronic alcohol abuse, trauma and various degenerative brain lesions, etc. Piracetam is used to increase mental human activities, especially in elderly and senile age, recovery of mental retardation in children, treatment of dyslexia, the vestibular disorders, cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, thrombophlebitis, stroke) and diseases of the blood (anemia), as well as to improve resistance to extreme conditions. Easily soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
drug Nootropil - one of the drugs, the active component which is to piracetam.
Recommendation for Admission:
Reception - first from 800 mg / day (1 tablet). If necessary, increase the dose to 2400 mg. Doses of up to 10000 mg per day and more secure. Even at very high doses, side effects is almost there.
Attention! Nootropil should be taken preferably Belgian and certainly with lecithin and vinaminom B5!
B5 contains not all multivitamin complexes. There is a complex Bio Max (JSC Shchelkovsky Vitamin Plant, 60 tablets, the average price - 100 rubles)
In the application can rarely marked irritability, anxiety, sleep disorder. In most cases it is possible achieve regression of these symptoms, reducing the dose preparata.Edinichny reports of adverse effects on the gastro-intestinal tract, skin allergies reactions, headaches and dizziness.
average price - 100 rubles (800 mg, 30 pcs. Tablets)
sale as a powder, which goes well with orange juice.
cm.statyu Piracetam in the light of modern researchFenotropil
synonyms: carphedon
piano and: Cognitive Functions
Has expressed antiamnestic action activates the integrative activity of the brain contributes to memory consolidation, improves concentration and mental activity, facilitates the learning process, accelerates the transfer of information between the hemispheres of the brain, increases the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia and toxic influences, has anticonvulsant activity and anxiolytic activity, regulates the processes of activation and inhibition of central nervous system, improves mood.
Created by a team of the Institute of Biomedical Problems, RAS. Originally developed for the normalization of mental and emotional state Astronauts and increase their efficiency.
dosage regimen set individually.
average single dose of 150 mg (100-250 mg), average daily dose - 250 mg (200-300 mg). The maximum daily dose - 750 mg.
Multiplicity reception - 1-2 times / day. In contrast, piracetam - is effective in single dose.
Average price - 400 rubles. (100 mg, 10 pcs. Tablets)
Extras: cm. Several enthusiastic article about preparate
Modafinil (Alertek)
piano and: Stimulant
was synthesized in the late 70s of last century, the French pharmaceutical company Lafon Group. In 1986, GV test results revealed that the drug not only opposed to narcolepsy, but just off for some time the need for sleep. In 1994, France began production of tablets based on it. In 1993, Lafon Group has sold the rights to use this drug in the U.S. company Cephalon. Under the title "provigil" in December 1998, the FDA authorized the sale of modafinil as a treatment narcolepsy.
not logged Ministry of Public Health, so buy it in pharmacies, not Russian.
In tests on helicopter pilots, pilots who received Modafinil 600 mg for 3 doses, kept alertness in sleep mode "8 hours of sleep for 88 hours." In other trials, fighter aircraft F-117, sleep-deprived and received 300 mg modafinil (3 doses at 100), retained about 27 percent of the skill of controlling the aircraft.
During his research, and sales (Alertec, Provigil) showed no adverse effects, except in rare cases of mild nausea and headache.
Dose: If you just want to relieve fatigue, you will receive a single 100 mg. To to preserve the "readiness" for the whole day - 100mg in the morning and 100 mg at lunch time. If you wish to leave to awake during the night - then add another 100 mg dose evening (in other words - 100 mg every 8 hours)
Currently, modafinil is considered safer than caffeine and amphetamines better.
Extras: see instructions for use and ext. Information . alerteka detailed discussion in our forum (incl. information about the availability of the drug).
Ritalin (Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine)
piano and: Stimulant
In the U.S., is classified as Schedule II (without a prescription not buy), in Russia - is included in a list.
used to treat ADHD (ADHD suffer from 3-5% of the population). Soothes, improves concentration. Used as a narcotic drug (cocaine kids ") and the stimulant. Very popular (as for treatment, and for other purposes.) Used by many (25%) of students in the United States to improve performance. Can cause side effects. (Complications due to reception in comminuted form, rather than on instruction. The introduction of insoluble excipients used in tablets, blocking small blood vessels, causing serious damage to the lungs and retina of the eye.) Taking large doses of Ritalin increases the speed of the heart and blood pressure. It can also lead to severe psychological dependence.
- How To Take Ritalin Correctly - User nootropic use.
Prozac
piano and: anti-depressant
One of the most famous antidepressants in the world, primenneniyu prescriptions for more than 54 million people. Prozac began to be sold in Belgium in 1986 in the U.S. in January 1988, Russia has sold pharmacies without a prescription.
active ingredient - fluoxetine hydrochloride. The mechanism of action is associated with a specific inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Stable clinical effect develops after 2 weeks. constant dose.
side effects while taking Prozac, are not common, in the weak form and disappear completely within 2-4 weeks after starting treatment.
Dosage:
initial dose - 0.02 g / day. Take medication in the morning. If necessary, dose drug may be increased in 3-4 weeks. The maximum daily dose - 0.08 g, taken in 2-3 doses.
average price - 550 rubles (20 mg, 14 pcs. Capsules)
Semax
piano and: Cognitive Functions, Memory
nootropics Semax developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMG RAN), which has been adjusted its industrial production. This preparation is based on natural amino acids, has no hormonal effects on the body, does not have an allergic and immunotoxicity effect.
«Semax 0.1% for healthy people used to increase efficiency, improve memory and mental abilities. To reduce stress load, preventing and treating chronic fatigue. Also - for rehabilitation of patients with memory disorders and motor skills as a result of stroke due to head injuries, Parkinson's disease, Huntington.
From 1994 to 1996 trials (1000) proved that "Semax 0.1%" can prescribe healthy people in order to increase adaptive capacity of the organism to function in an emotional, mental and physical overload. March 28, 1996 the drug received approval from the Ministry of Health.
Dose: 10-40 drops (500-2000 mcg.) Daily.
Recommended use :
Scheme 1.
«Semax 0,1% in 10-14 days at 2 drops in each nostril in the morning. For an absolutely healthy people recommend 2 courses per year. Number of bottles on the course: 1.
Scheme 2 (for memory enhancement.
«Semax 0.1%" for 3-7 days to 2 drops in each nostril to 6 times a day, 2 hours, for example, at 8.00-10.00- 12.00-14.00-16.00-18.00 - for a longer duration course. Then, after a week break to use the drug for 21 days to 2 drops in each nostril 2-3 times a day.
Or a half hours per day 7 times per day 9.00-10.30-12.00-13.30-15.00-16.30-18.00 - For the shorter course (5 days), and after a break of 1 week, within 21 days of 2-3 drops into each nostril 2-3 times a day. Such combined courses can be carried out 3-4 times a year. Number of bottles on the course: 3 + 6-12.
Extras: see Site Semax and Website IMG Sciences
average price - 360 rubles. to 3 ml (3000 mcg).
donepezil
synonym: Aricept
piano and: Memory
Originally developed as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease donepezil prevents the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which stimulates memory and the formation of conditioned reflexes.
average price - 3750 rubles (5 mg, 28 pcs. Tablets)
Aminalon
piano and: Memory, Learning
Increases respiratory activity of brain tissue, improves glucose utilization, improves blood flow to the brain. Mainly used in low blood supply.
the inside before eating. Adults appointed according to the nature and severity of disease, 500 mg-1.25 g 3 times / day. Daily dose is 1.5-3, the course of treatment - from 2 weeks to 6 months. If necessary, repeat courses.
Average price - 50 £ (250 mg, 100 pieces. Tablets)
DMAE (2-dimethylaminoethanol)
piano and: Memory, Learning, Anti-aging
improves memory and learning ability. Stimulates the production of choline needed for normal brain function.
DMAE - a substance that improves memory, it occurs in a number of drugs that are known to stabilize cell membrany.Degradatsiya cell membrane is one of the primary mechanisms of aging, while DMAE - a precursor to choline and acetylcholine, and has been shown to overcome the blood-brain barrier faster than choline. That choline inside the cells is converted into phosphatidylcholine, which is used for construction and reconstruction of cell membranes, especially in the brain. DMAE when ingested, is converted to acetylcholine (from lack of acetylcholine occur: weakness, fatigue, depression, slow reaction time, difficulty in thinking, poor memory, irritability, etc..)
Increases energy status of the organism, in this context is used athletes. Improves skin elasticity, skin tone, appearance. In a period of several months to 2 years, removes from the body's cells to one half or more toxic pigment "lipofuscin. Significantly improves the properties of blood - the capture and transport of oxygen to the tissues.
range of dosages of DMAE is from 100 to 1500 mg per day.
To extend the life limit recommended dosage of 300-450 mg / day, prolonged courses of several months. To improve the general condition, increase mental and physical abilities in courses for 1-3 months. of 500-1000 mg or more per day. Start taking a small dose with a gradual increase. Take morning and afternoon. With good endurance can before eating, otherwise during the meal.
The fact that the drug works effectively, can be recognized by such phenomena as more deep sleep and dream realistic, easy-twitch muscles, better concentration. These effects usually occur when using the drug from 450 mg / day or more.
average price - 600 rubles (100 mg, 100 pieces. Capsules)
Melatonin
Synonym: melaxen
piano and: sleep regulator, anti-aging
In the body, melatonin is produced pineal gland and its main function is the ability to lead the circadian rhythm of the human body. Studies from 1960. Scientists have found that melatonin still possesses a number of properties - animals with a remote epiphysis grew old much faster than normal animals, and the introduction into the body of conventional animals extracts obtained from the pineal gland, led to a significant prolongation of life. Gradually, it was found that melatonin, in addition, that much prolongs life, has the following important and useful properties:
- has powerful antioxidant action
- protect against cancer tumors.
- Lowers blood cholesterol.
- Increases immunity.
- acts as a powerful adaptogen.
- Extends sexually active, suppresses climacteric syndrome, the longer retains the potency, etc.
- Helps normalize blood pressure.
- Helps with insomnia, with seasonal depression, and others
reason for all these properties - melatonin increases the sensitivity of the hypothalamus, which leads to a shift in metabolism toward characteristic of a younger body. In sufficient amount of melatonin produced only up to 20 years, and then develop more and more of the hormone decreases that consistently leads the body to aging.
Dosing and dosing of melatonin.
used melatonin once daily at bedtime. If you have problems falling asleep, you can take melatonin 2-3 hours before bedtime. Dosage of 1 to 10 mg. You can already start with 25-30 years, but the course of 1-3 months and 2 month break. Years with 40 of its possible used as replacement therapy, almost always.
effective dose is easily determined by the well-being. For example, the dosage of melatonin 3 mg does not give a powerful effect in terms of sleep, but the dream becomes much stronger. Dreams are so realistic that after a half day remains under the influence.
Melatonin is one of the safest drugs of this kind. In fact, it supplements. Even a dosage of 75 mg applied in the treatment of certain diseases, is well tolerated. And yet, to extend the lives of more than 6.3 mg per day to take is not recommended.
Average price - 320 rubles (3 mg, 60 pcs. Capsules)
Selegiline
Synonyms: deprenyl, Selgin, Selegos, Eldepril, Yumex, Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Selgin, Selgos, Tumex, Jumex.
piano and: Memory, Intelligence
MAO inhibitor selective action; is used to treat Parkinson's disease. Appointed inside. It is believed that selegiline inhibits the decomposition of dopamine in the body. Possible side effects: syncope the sudden change in body position from horizontal to vertical, nausea, involuntary movements and confusion.
Average price - £ 600-700 (5 mg, 50 pcs. Tablets)
HGH
synonym: growth hormone
piano and: Anti-aging
Insulin-like growth factor-1 - a hormone secreted by the liver under the influence pituitary growth hormone. More it - produced nochyu.Posle 30 years to develop its reduced on average by 3-5% per year. Recent research on the application HGh in U.S. hospitals found a rise in body growth factor to 45.5%, which means the rejuvenation of the body for 15-20 years.
Until recently, time of insulin-like growth factor-1 was injected only in the form of injections in special medical centers, because factor is a pure proteins, and if swallowed is destroyed by enzymes of gastro - intestinal tract. Scientists have created HGh in another form, which can be applied through the mouth.
HGh can be applied children after 12 years with slow growth, and adult (after 30-35 years) to prevent stareniyaorganizma and development of chronic diseases, to maintain normal weight for brain activation, normalization of sleep and lift the mood, for improving memory, to increase physical strength and endurance, for the disappearance wrinkles.
The composition HGh is niacin, which complements the rejuvenating effect, as normalize blood cholesterol levels, and participates in the reactions in which sugar and fat are converted into energy, is involved in converting fat into eicosanoids that contribute to blood thinners.
To obtain maximum results the use of HGh need to limit the use of white sugar and products made with white flour and have dinner no later than 4 hours before bedtime.
Directions:
Three doses of spray at the root language for Z0 min before breakfast and before bedtime.
The IOC (International Olympic committee) are very large claims for the substance (Possibly due to the fact that until now have not created the test, fixing his potrebelenie athletes). Probable (not confirmed!) Side effects: violation functions of the heart, liver and kidney, mutation of the extremities (mostly this applies to the toes), which resulted in the feet begin to resemble shovels, as well as an increased risk of cancer.
average price - 1500 rubles (30 ml spray bottle)
also increase the production of HGH helps drug XNGF (Xtreme Natural Growth Factor). It contains Mucuna pruriens, Alpha-GPC, and Bacopa Monniera.
Nutrition per serving (3 capsules.) Drug:
- Macuna Pruriens (Standardized 15% L-Dopa) - 660 mg
- Alpha GPC - 400 mg
- Bacopa monniera extract (standardized to 20 % bacosides A & B) - 50 mg
Directions: Take 1-2 capsules. per day: morning for 60-30 minutes. before meals and at night for 60-30 minutes. before bedtime. Maximum recommended dosage is 4 capsules. per day.
average price of 2200 rubles. (90 capsules per pack)
Pikamilon (Picamilonum)
N-Nikotinoil-g-aminobutyric acid, sodium Salt - nootropic drug.
Trivia
The drug was synthesized in 1970, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of vitamins (Moscow, USSR) VM Kopelevich, LM Shmuylovichem and Vyacheslav Trubnikov. Introduced into medical practice in 1986. Is the first original domestic nootropics. Currently, the rights to the drug owned pharmaceutical company SPC ECHO ", Moscow, Russia.
Chemically, may be considered as a combination of molecules of GABA and nicotinic acid. Pharmacologically the drug also combines the basic properties of these two components.
Applied pikamilon (For adults) as a nootropic agent in vascular and cerebral circulatory disorders mild to moderate, with vascular dystonia, in states anxiety, fear, irritability, and withdrawal symptoms in patients with alcoholism, as well as to increase resistance to physical and mental stress.
use drugs alone or combined therapy.
Assign inside regardless of the meal.
in cerebrovascular diseases single dose ranging from 0,02 to 0,05 g 2-3 times a day, daily - 0,06-0,15, the course of treatment is 1-2 months. Recommended to repeat the course in 5-6 months.
in the treatment of depression in old age pikamilon prescribed in daily doses 0,04-0,2 g (2-3 hours) for 1,5-3 months.
with alcoholism during abstinence prescribed in doses 0,1-0,15 g / day short course - 6-7 days, with more persistent violations outside of abstinence - a daily dose of 0,04-0,06 g within 4-5 weeks.
For disaster recovery and high loads pikamilon prescribe a daily dose of 0,06-0,08 g during 1-1,5 months.
When applying picamilon may increase irritability, agitation, feelings of anxiety, dizziness, headache, mild nausea, allergic rash, itching of the skin. In this case, lower the dose or stop medicine.
Contra
drug is contraindicated if you are hypersensitive, acute and chronic kidney diseases.
Physical properties
white crystalline powder, odorless. Easily soluble in water. Hygroscopic.
Product
tablets 0,01 0,02 and 0,05 g (10, 20, 50 mg) in a package of 30 pieces.
Solution for injection 10%
Store in a dry place, protected from light.
average price of 14 rubles per 30 tablets to 0.2g
Herbs and berries
herbs have nootropicheskim effect (effectiveness, of course, scanty):
Ginko Biloba - increases blood flow to the limbs and brain
Eleutherococcus (Siberian Ginseng) - tonic and adaptogen that normalizes the state of stress, enhances mental ability
Extras: see Photostrip "5 products that enhance the mental abilities"
Habitual "natural nootropiki"
Bitter Chocolate . Active substance: serotonin. It is an antidepressant, supports a good mood, not affect the concentration or sleep.
Strong coffee . Caffeine - a stimulant quick action, in concentration does not affect, for an hour and a half excitement are replaced by inhibition поэтому немедленный повторный прием эффекта не дает, и для бессонной ночи он не годится . Кроме того, к кофеину очень быстро развивается привыкание , для achieve the desired effect would require increasing doses to the heart muscle that can be fatal.
Very sweet tea . Active substance: sucrose. This is the easiest of complex carbohydrates. Quickly and with meager energy consumption, it splits into two identical molecules of glucose, the energy value of each of which, in turn, by contrast, is extremely high. For the brain is a clean fuel, greatly increases the concentration and efficiency. But for the amount of glucose in the blood followed the pancreas, so that the sharp increase in the amount of glucose should prompt a horse's insulin dose, which it binds. But most importantly - the pancreas is not able to calculate when the glucose level increases and when decreases, so the insulin pumps, even when his number is in excess. "Overweight" insulin binds already final, vital for brain glucose and the latter begins to experience kolosalny energy shortage. As a result instead of short-time increase efficiency and obtain long-term inhibition of irresistible sleepiness .
Additional information
http://www.erowid.org/smarts/ - Table nootropikov with brief information and pictures
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ноотропы - Russian encyclopaedic (Scientific, complex) article
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropics - less text, more links. If you start here, you can find almost everything about nootropikah (several hops).
list of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances prohibited, controlled, restricted and banned, etc. in Russia
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