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Nanotechnology and its role in the fate of civilization (continued)

latest change in the social status of knowledge

man wielding ever more powerful high-tech industries based on knowledge about the fundamental fundamental principle of living and inanimate matter, is capable of turning inanimate, living and social matter, the object of scientific and technological practice. Carrying out over It nanoinzheneriynye, molecular biology, nanogenomnye, information and computer manipulation, he turns himself in nano-bio-info-socio-engineer , who does not feel reverence for existence of animate and inanimate matter. For such engineer human existence (as well as being of any other biological species) - it's just "stuff" to be technological change.

transformation as a human being into an object technology manipulation - a landmark event scale. Generating enormous in its scope and tragedy of the existential and ideological upheavals, it is event marks the end of the era of the natural "drift" of the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a. After it begins the era in which scientific and technological Activity of a man, a speeding race in high-tech industry and the periodic change of the ethical-ontological relation of man to his own Being in the world are powerful factors in accelerating anthropogenic global evolution.

latest flurry of scientific and technological revolutions, integrating in an indissoluble symbiosis of basic science, technology, education, and generates all the more powerful high-tech industry. Globalizing Practice man cares about his own existence in the world, carried out with such high-tech industry, provides him with an unprecedented opportunity for scientific and technological creativity on the level of atomic structures, ie at the level of basic fundamental principles of living and nonliving matter. With this arose grandioznyemegaproekty so, as mentioned above, "Genome", "Human Genome", "Nanotech, Biotech," "mega-project of artificial superintelligence" et al

most important breakthrough in the practice of implementing this kind of mega-projects - is a quantum engineering, ie practice of atomic and molecular assembly vsevozmozhnyhnanofabrik for the production of synthetic material with pre-specified properties. One of the creators of quantum engineering - Nobel winner Jaures Alferov - introduced to the academic community is very bold opposition metaphors:

«matter created by God" - "matter, the creation of man."

Metaphor "matter created by God, as you might guess, this means all types of substances that have arisen in the course of natural global physical-space evolution of our universe. The second metaphor is indicated opposition covers all the different types of surrogate mothers that have arisen due to quantum engineering.

itself in opposition Alferov metaphorical form expresses the conviction of the initiators of quantum engineering is that the global physical-space evolution is far from exhausted all possibilities of creating all possible types of matter. Quantum and biomolecular engineering allow a person to significantly enrich the family of natural types of matter various types of surrogate mothers, ie such types, which are constructed with advances nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology.

clear that the word "matter" is used here not as a metaphysical category, as well as fundamental concept of science. Here it means "the material from which all living and nonliving material structures. After the appearance of Nanotechnology, producing "programmable matter", this word came to signify not only a "matter created by God", but "the matter, constructed person "from which Nanoengineering today are creating nano-components required to build the computers of molecular dimensions.

Despite its insignificant dimensions, such nanocomputers will possess not only a huge memory, but also a huge performance (superior performance current Pentium). They are able to take control of molecular robots-pickers, carrying poatomnuyu assembly of any substance required humanity. Moreover, nanocomputers (and artificial intelligence technology) the future will be quite able to manage entire nanofactories consisting from a large ensemble of such robot builders. Planetary system similar nanofactories performing atomic-molecular assembly of the substances necessary humanity (ie, food, medicines, construction materials, etc.) can completely replace the current industry, based on traditional technologies. And once that happens, the practice of using core technologies of the XXI century will radically change not only individual spheres of human activity, but also the conditions of planetary existence of mankind, its global exchange of energy, matter and information with the outside world, information and media environment of its habitat, a planetary communicative praxis.

reviewing this flurry of fundamental changes in the global the evolution of Homo sapiens'a, easy to understand why social analysts of our time to evaluate it as a nano-technology revolution that enriches humanity products such as:

• drugs and hormones for agriculture and medicine that are based on the use of genetics.
• nano-medical technologies that are different from biology - nuclear resonance imaging, echocardiography, etc.
• optoelectronic devices, using light (such as optical scanners, optical discs, solar cells, photosensitive semiconductors, and laser printers).
• Computers instant communication and telecommunications.
• Integrated circuits, computer superchipy, multi-layer printed circuit boards, etc.

Thanks to scientific and technological Revolution, a person acquires the ability to program not just a computer or, say, a living creature, but also a surrogate mother. After the revolution the reproduction of mankind in the world will go on a totally different evolutionary path. Progressively converting nano into the world of "programmable matter ", which will operate under the direction and control of man, the creator and user of nanotechnology will become possible in their discretion to interrupt the natural history and evolution of Homo sapiens'a put this huge process in a rigid dependence on the pace and scope of the race in intensive technologies. Because of this global evolution of Homo sapiens'a cease to form a natural "gravity". Creators and users transchelovecheskih Technology does not have to wait millions of years until the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a natural "gravity" will create new types of inanimate matter, new genomes new types of transgenic creatures, better forms of human life. Such forms of living matter nano-bio-info-socio-technological will design at its discretion.

But the more powerful technology becomes singular, the more the practice becomes riskogennoy technological transformation animate and inanimate matter, man. The practice of such transformations is dangerous even in those cases where such transformations are carried out with to care about the human being. All this means that as the megasotsiuma to the state of the singularity problem of the ethical-ontological relations rights to its own existence takes on new meaning.

«Taking care of yourself": Far and near the singularity.

As the planetary society to a state of singularity caring person about the impending fate of his own existence in the world takes many forms. As an ethical-ontological the relationship of man to his own being, this "caring for yourself" can be shown as:

• concern rights impending fate of his Genome embodiment, the neuro-system, intelligence,
• as policy genetic, anthropological, ethical self-identity rights,
• as practice Freedom rights, improving their ontological status in the world with increasingly powerful technologies of the new century.

Despite the fact that practice of freedom, carried out by the distance from the singularity by using traditional techniques, has sometimes led to negative changes in the global material and spatial environment of the human habitat, it has not been evaluated here as the dominant source of existential threats, risks, threats. Ethical-ontological comprehension practice of freedom changed dramatically only after she began to be carried by the industry of such powerful technologies, such as chemical, nuclear, and especially - nanoinzheneriynye, molecular biological, genomic, nanomedical, computer-networking, technology, neuro-chips virtual reality and artificial intelligence.

main reasons behind some of the intellectuals of the XXI century to change the previous strategy concerns about the human being, it is easy to understand. The fact that after the old strategy of taking care of a man appeared in modern times, was carried out with the help of science of the twentieth century, it evolved into a source of uncontrolled flow of increasingly large-scale threats to human existence on the planet. Indeed, the progress of chemistry led to a global poison soil, atmosphere and oceans. The development of atomic energy has led to the nuclear contamination of habitat rights. (Threat geochernobylya ). Biomolecular Revolution creates a threat of pollution of the biosphere various types of transgenic living things. Explosively development of computer science, cognitive science, information science and technology industry planetary computer-media networks has created a threat Information totalitarianism.

All these threats are long-term consequences of the old strategy of man cares about his being in the world. And it is desire to perpetuate the old strategy of taking care of the person induces the apologists of this strategy be considered the main culprit of the growing shaft of existential concerns, fears and anxieties are not bankrupt strategy of care, and scientific and technological progress.

realization that the reason for the growing shaft of global hazards, disaster risk lies not in the STP, and the evils of the old strategy of man cares about his existence, prompting among postmodernist thinking intellectuals to replace the old strategy of taking care of yourself a new strategy, more than meets the challenges of the XXI century. It was in this environment, there were allegations that the philosopher who knows nothing about modern nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, hardly able to say anything significant with respect to pressing ethical problems, even if he had mastered the whole ethical tradition from Plato to Scheler. Such a statement for example, made by Vittorio Heasley (13).

Towards Anthropology postcheloveka.

word "anthropic", as is known, represents an evolving being man in its totality. From all other types of existence (being minerals, viruses, bacteria, plants, animals) anthropic differs by at least three features:

• First, the ability samoosoznavat themselves, represent themselves in different languages, to create a self-generated, samoprezentativy.
• Second, the ability privilegizirovat himself in the family of all possible types of life. In other words, the ability to carry out certain policies identity.
• Third, the ability to take care of his impending fate, to anticipate and change the fate of this discretion.

mastering the increasingly powerful nanoinzheneriynymi, molecular biological, nanomedical technologies, computer technologies of neuro-chips and artificial intelligence, transforming them from using their own genome, its physicality, its neuro-system, your intellect, a man radically alter its ethical-ontological relation to being anthropic . Under increasing pressure from the use of such technology being anthropic ceases to evolve, "gravity" and becomes a matter of care, the subject of cultivation . Such care of yourself carries the creator and user increasingly powerful high-tech industry.

Before nano-techno-science people just "cracked" the natural material (animate and inanimate). Now he is using increasingly powerful nano-physical-chemical-bio-info-engineering designs new reality, which includes:

• artificial atoms and objects with preassigned atomic structure;
• different types of programmable matter;
• variety of nanomaterials;
• space genetically modified organisms and cloned animals;
• carriers of artificial intelligence;
• translyudey with implanted neuro-chips;
• Fabric of the planetary computer-media networks, etc.

These new types of human reality are beginning to play an increasingly important role in shaping the environment human habitation. Increasingly, they are called inorganic continuation of human corporeality . The very same continued human physicality (ie original "Prosthesis" corporeality) appears not as a mere intermediary in communication between man and nature, as well as the active medium, which changes the ontological status of a person in the world, its genome, its unconscious, neyrosistemu, a system of behavioral reactions, etc. The term «postchelovek» indicates this is the new modus human existence in the new reality.

«Postchelovek» ;, thus, - is the creator and the user is more powerful nanotechnology with which he performs care of his being in the world .

In recent discussions on the strategy of care for the human being undertaken postchelovekom, at full length the question arose: Does the practice of his care , only those abilities Homo sapiens'a, which are designated by the word "sapiens" (ie, intellectual ability), or it puts a profound transformation and those of its quality, which are nominated by the word «homo» (ie, its genome, physiology, injury, neuro-system etc.)?

If it only changes sapiens -ability, then the person does not cease to exist in the world as a «homo», which is progressively transformed into a carrier increasing development of artificial superintelligence. In this case, speculation about what else «post-homo» become pointless.

However, if the new Practice care, carried out with the more powerful pomoschyuvse nanoinzheneriynyh, molecular biology, nanogenomnyh, nanomedical technology neuro-chip technology, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, exposing a fundamental transformation of those qualities of the person who nominated word «homo» (ie, its genome, physiology, neuro-system, physicality, etc.), then the practice of care will inevitably turn into a man "postcheloveka. For By definition, «postchelovek» - this is the phase of the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a, which this evolution pushes the practice of the use of increasingly powerful singular technologies.

Socio-philosophical discourse on the inevitability of this kind of transfiguration of the anthropic (ie, a fundamental change in its ontological Identity), today forms the core of heated debate on Anthropology postcheloveka .

most pressing question of the long-term consequences process of transfiguration of the fundamental first principles of the anthropic being discussed within the framework of philosophical and ideological discourse of self-overcoming rights. The central idea of this centuries-long discourse, most clearly formulated NA Berdyaev. In his work on slavery and human freedom, he said: "Man is the creature itself overcoming" (14).

main reason for the current update of this discourse is that care about the future fate Rights, which carries the creator and user of basic technologies of the XXI century is fundamentally different from that care , who exercise, for example, a person Middle Ages. The most consistent new strategy care about being human is represented in the movement of "transhumanism" (15-17). The initiators of this movement rejected the chief metaphysical prejudice, which is characteristic for the adherents of the ethical tradition from Plato to Scheler. Anthropic, in their understanding is not absolute ontological constant (created by God, nature, or even any of the Absolute). Anthropic - is the greatest work Art of the man himself. That's why the most important task of care of a man transhumanists consider human rights at its own discretion improve is the greatest work of art. Ethical-ontological imperative transhumanism reads: not preserve existence of anthropic in the fullness of all its current limitations, pathology and impairment, but it is being improved, using the power of technology of the XXI century.

improve the same ontological position of the anthropic in the world - means to expose him as the transformations that enhance the capabilities of individuals consciously change its genome, its body, its neuro-system, their lives in accordance with their informed desires. Word «deliberately» here means: users intensive technologies should be understood as deeply as possible between what options the life of the world they choose. This understanding help factors such as:

• molecular nanotechnology,
• genetic engineering,
• nanomedicine,
• Artificial Intelligence,
• drugs for mood changes,
• anti-aging therapies,
• neyrointerfeys,
• program to manage information interactions,
• drugs to improve memory,
• implantable superchipy,
• cognitive technology.

Of course, today the process of transforming them into a posthuman very far from being final. Therefore, the current predictions about its long-term evolution in many ways still looks like a philosophical speculation.

Debate on the moral justification in no way limited to use all of the above means to overcome human nature, thus, split the community of humanists XXI century into two camps - humanist and transhumanist. former demand categorically block the action of the factors listed above, a taboo on any kind was the invasion of the fundamental foundation of human nature.

In contrast, transhumanists believe that a free person has every right to intervene in nature. In their view, there should be no moral or ethical taboo, prohibiting the individual's sole discretion, to change its nature. They see nothing reprehensible in any desired personality to live as long as possible, either in its natural desire to do, learn and experience more than it is now possible for ordinary human life. Personality in understanding transhumanist , has the right to grow up and grow much longer than the pitiful eighty years, which released its evolutionary past.

do not claim to exhaustively complete and absolutely reliable knowledge about what means to be postchelovekom, transhumanists warn us that things, actions, aspirations posthumans may be our current understanding of as inaccessible as the primates - the understanding of the complexity of our human life. That is why, they say, many of us today is extremely difficult understand the actions of volunteers, are implanted in your body all kinds of neuro-computer chips, or those who refuse his own body and ready live as information patterns in the giant super-fast computer networks.

But no matter how true to transhumanist positions, today it is impossible reliably predict the final escalating dispute over the strategy of self-overcoming of man. Clearly only one thing: the practice of using technology of the third millennium - Is a gigantic and extremely risky experiment on humanity in its totality. Being born before our eyes anthropology postcheloveka - it is absolutely grounded theory, but rather to find ways to practice the new philosophy, able to overcome the shortcomings and limitations of practical Philosophy of Art Nouveau era.

Author: Valentin Lukyanets, Ph.D., Professor, Head. Dep. Institute of Philosophy of NAS of Ukraine.

Taken from: 2084.ru

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Nanotechnology and their role in the fate of civilization

latest flurry of scientific and technological revolutions that shake now space physics, molecular biology, nanophysics, nanochemistry, cognitive Science, kompyutersayens, nanoinformatiku and Nanoelectronics - the priority subject postnonclassycal research. Enormously accelerating the race in high-tech industry named Revolution, will be before the end of the XXI century to define the horizons of the scientific world (see 1). That is why the philosophical discourse on current developments the social role of science and generated by its high-tech industry, the long-term implications of these changes is the most influential discourse of our time.

Thanks mentioned revolutions process of scientific and technological mastery by man of the world came to a new level associated with creating and using takihsverhtehnology as nanoinzheneriynye, molecular biology, nanogenomnye, nanomedical, neuro-chip technology, virtual reality, artificial intelligence and others deploying practices implement such grandiose mega-projects such as "genome", "Human Genome", "Nanotech" "Biotech", "Artificial superintelligence, man becomes aware of itself not only exists in the form of evolving biological physicality, but and in the form of multidimensional sound social and cultural environment, progressively integrating into all the creations of human genius (from stone scraper to artificial superintelligence). The old form of human existence, which is typical for modern times, is now recognized as not only possible, not as an ontological constant, and as one of the temporal evolution of forms of human existence.

The major difference between the new round of global evolution of Homo sapiens'a - maximum full use of the knowledge of the fundamental primordial inanimate, living and anthropic matter. Knowledge about the anthropic matter - it is knowledge about the human genome his physicality, his neuro-system, a complex set of interactions of its sensory channels (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.), various ways of processing information. The practice of using such a powerful knowledge (which includes self-consciousness of self, samokonstruirovanie, self-actualization, caring humanity to his being) turns a man into a subject of action that:

• creates artificial atoms, the world of programmable atomic structures,
• changes at its discretion, the genomes of all living beings of the planet,
• modifies its own genome,
• enormously strengthens their intelligence by implanting in the body, in its neuro-system of ever more powerful neuro-chips,
• creates planetary computer-media networks and their means of exposing itself to more powerful information pressure,
• creates a "reasonable" environment by means of which concern about his being in the world, changes it overcomes its limitations,
• transforms itself into postcheloveka.

entering a new evolutionary regime, the humanity покидает ту онтологию, ту реальность, которая формировалась как бы «самотеком» в ходе всей предшествующей глобальной эволюции Homo sapiens’a. Оно становится creator and user of the above-mentioned nanoinzheneriynyh, molecular biology, nanogenomnyh, nanomedical technologies, technologies of neuro-chips virtual reality, artificial intelligence. Increasing their scientific and technological power, humanity extends its design, design, control activities not only in the macro world, but also on nano , ie world of atomic and molecular structures of living and nonliving matter. Thanks such scientific and technological expansion of the future of humanity is presented as a surrogate ontology, ie as being, which is created by man, guns all the more powerful science-based technologies. In the XXI century concern about the surrogate ontology is interpreted as a concern of humanity on himself.

Industry High Technologies of XXI century as cheaper practice of transformation of individual and collective consciousness, that it became popular and ubiquitous. Technology, by which it carried all sorts of changes in the living human mind (as opposed to high-tech (ie, high technology, designed change of nature) have been called high-hume.

Originally opposition «high-tech - high-hume» looked like a tough dichotomy, which precludes their interconversion each other. However, all the accelerating race in computer science, cognitive science, bio-information, and gennomnoy nanoengineering blurred rigid boundary between the two mentioned categories of technologies. As a result, in place of the former dichotomy «high-tech - high-hume» formed a powerful symbiosis, which is integrated in a practical all technologies. All these processes have created real conditions for scientific and technological breakthrough in a new reality.

Nanoinzheneriynye, genomic, nanomedical, information and media technologies, as well as neuro-chip technology, virtual reality and artificial intelligence have not yet become the base for planetary society, ie those with which it perpetuates its totality in the world. However, the leading social experts say that they will become established in the next few decades. By 2050, says R. Kurzweil, will be the neuro-implants that allow people to directly connect to your brain, a variety of devices (additional memory, tutorials, tools to see other areas of the spectrum). With their help, people can not only to expand their knowledge and perception of the world, but to translate your personality into electronic form (2). And as soon as the technology of neural implants become everyday reality, planetary evolution temporitm society acquires such an acceleration, what did not yet know all the earlier evolution of Homo sapiens'a. Under the accrual pressure from the practice of the basic technologies of the XXI century material and spatial environment, which evolves our megasotsium will vary with unprecedented before the acceleration. The practice of applying new technologies expose the profound changes the human genome, its physicality, its neuro-system, his intellect, his ethical-ontological relation to one's own being, to nature, to the impending fate megasotsiuma. This forecast experts lavinopodobny process of transformation of human existence in the world today called by various terms: «breakthrough into a new reality," an occurrence in a technological singularity "," humanitarian revolution. " Understanding features, consequences and future prospects of a breakthrough into a new reality - urgent task of philosophical thought of the XXI century.

Upgrade basic technology industry: fears and anxieties.

Global megasotsiuma transformation initiated by explosive development of high-tech industry - an integral consequence of the current flurry of scientific and technological revolutions. In scope and depth of impact the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a this event can be compared with the Paleolithic revolution. " The beginning of this event is considered to be occurring now upgrade the amount of technology with which our megasotsium still reproduce his being in the universe. Before our eyes, the traditional technology megasotsiuma уступают место наноинженерийным, молекулярно-биологическим, геномным, компьютерно-сетевым технологиям, технологиям нанороботов, нейро-чипов и искусственного intelligence. These new technologies are now referred to by terms such as «Technologies of the Third Millennium", "singular Technology, transgumanisticheskie Technology "," Technologies of XXI Century ".

Sociocultural reality generated by the practice of using these new technologies will dramatically different from the reality, which plunged all of our lives and the particle which it is. For the initiators of this practice are technologically feasible such riskogennye actions as:

• uncontrolled changes of the global metabolism anthroposphere.
• transgenesis, ie modification genomes of any living beings of the planet (including the genome of the man himself).
• global transformation of information and media environment, and planetary communication praxis.
• Targeted genetic changes, anthropological, social and cultural identity of the person.
• very risky and deconstruction chronotope, which evolves anthropic.
• Accelerating global evolution of Homo sapiens'a,
• uncontrolled exposure to the global process formation of the impending fate of a man in the world.

Anthropogenic actions of this kind carried out by the creators and users of technologies of the third Goals generate a reality that has on our being ambivalent impact. Generating not only benefits than ever before, but also global negative threat to human being, these actions by their consequences are concerned, not only in the humanities, but also post-industrial community, not to the extent digitized creators of Technical Sciences. Actually therefore the sum technologies of the new millennium, through which the global transformation our reality, is now in the crucible of the most pressing social and philosophical discussions. At the heart of this debate are the following problems:

• Which evolutionary state is rushing us now express technology of the third millennium?
• What exactly does the subject, guns so powerful technologies, with the planet Earth, its biosphere, the planetary social medium?
• How does the practice of using these technologies will change the space genomes of all living beings of the planet?
• What reforms he would expose their own genome, physicality, neuro-system, intelligence?
• How This practice changed genetic anthropological, socio-cultural identity of the person, his standing in the world?
• Is the impending humanitarian revolution on an unprecedented leap in global evolution Homosapiens'a, during which the current people give way postcheloveku ?

Self is clear that within this article may be addressed only some issues with this ever-expanding problem field. In subsequent sections will address these problems:

• specific technologies of the XXI century.
• problem of human singularity.
• latest change in the social status of knowledge.
• practice of freedom: the distance, and near the singularity.
• Anthropology postcheloveka - a mirage or the future?

specific technologies of the XXI century

problem in the title of this section, is the key to understanding the current acceleration of the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a. For the sake of concreteness, we consider this problem as an example of such technologies of the XXI century as nanotechnology. The principal difference between these technologies will become much clearer if we use next unpretentious analogy.

Suppose we prepare the dough with raisins for baking cake. If we are going to knead this dough by hand, then, as we had not tried raisin in the test will still be intact, not destroyed. Same "nerazmolotymi" are the atoms in makroveschestve if the substance is processed using traditional technologies.

dough would be dramatically altered its quality only in case if we use more powerful technology of its mixing (For example, if we missed it by much grinding meat grinder). In this case it would become a homogeneous mixture in which the difference between raisins and a test would have disappeared completely.

Something similar happens with the material when processing it with the help of such technologies of the XXI century, namely nanotechnology. Traditional technologies remain intact because the opposition of the atom - makroveschestvo "that does not manipulate nanoparticles (ie, not individual atoms) such as atomic arrays, each of which consists of vast numbers of atoms. Traditional technology is not the atoms in the nanoparticles breaks up and do not exercise assembly of the atomic structures of nanoparticles. That's why using traditional technologies can not be converted to, say, an atom of lead in the gold atom, or create an artificial iron atom, whose properties are substantially different from the natural iron atom. Transforming makroveschestvo, traditional technologies, do not destroy nature, atoms and atomic structures. Especially since they are not able to create artificial, synthetic, surrogate atoms, ie such atoms not found in nature. All this explains the fact that traditional technologies are only effective at a level that is higher than the atomic level.

users of traditional technologies able to convert a flint spearhead, soil tillage, the tree in the wood products, metal tractor plastic into the computer, etc. But what they do, say, ribosomes, chromosomes or DNA molecules, he can not do. Ribosome - an analogue of nanosized robotic picker, which is capable of the atomic structures produce different proteins (ie makroveschestva), of which organisms are living creatures of our planet. Despite its paltry nanoscale, the ribosome is able to build virtually any protein, amino acids connected in series (ie, composite of protein) in a certain order. Ribosomes, functioning in every biological cell - is a vivid example of how nature uses nanotechnology in the production process makroveschestv the world. In comparison with the ribosome biokletka - this is a band of robot builders, ie, original "nanofactory" production makroveschestv.

If a person using nanotechnology could do all the things that make the ribosomes, it would have been able to carry out atomic-molecular assembly of any makroveschestv necessary to humanity. Figuratively speaking, he would be able, by expanding on the atoms surrounding dirt and the atmosphere, producing such atoms any vitally important matter and materials - food, pharmacy, composite etc.

value of nanotechnology is precisely that they allow their users to artificially implement a production makroveschestv which exercise of the ribosome. Nanotechnology in synthesis with other basic technologies of the XXI century already allow a person to create artificial atoms atomic structures, programming matter at the atomic level, to carry out atomic-molecular assembly of various substances. Such technologies can to change the will of man physical properties of matter at the atomic level, atomic structure and the simplest molecules, ie at the level of objects and processes commensurate with nanometer.

Nanotechnology from the very beginning aimed at creating (design, production) of different types of surrogate mother. Examples of such types of matter can serve as quantum dots (quantum drops), the quantum lattice quantum wires, nanotubes, etc. Nature does not create this kind of material structure. Therefore named the structure is estimated as artificial, synthetic, surrogate. They are called so not only because they created man, but also because people can program their properties, interactions, behavior.

Devices designed from the surrogate atoms (ie, nanowires, nanopoluprovodniki, nanodiody, nanotransistors, nanotriggery, nanoprotsessory, etc.), allow a person to install over a synthetic cloth reliable and effective control. This means that the person who creates with the help of nanotechnology synthetic matter, acquires the ability to control structures and processes nanoworld and at its discretion, to modify their properties.

But how a person (being a macroscopic creature whose dimensions are in billions times larger than the size of atoms) can interact with the inhabitants of the nanoworld and dictate its will? How and why a person an opportunity to program matter at the atomic level?

The most common answer is: all this was made possible by a stunning achievement nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, Nanophotonics, Nanoelectronics, and other nanoinformatiki nanosciences. Achieve these sciences nanotechnology have allowed the exchange of electromagnetic signals between a man and nanostructures (ie, exchange of information coded in the form of electromagnetic signals). Since this exchange of information by using technologies developed on the basis of achievements nanoinformatiki, to that extent it will become increasingly important role in the future transformation of the surrounding reality.

Natural atom, as is known - is a cloud of electrons trapped in microscopic volume. Artificial atom - Is also a cloud of electrons trapped in microscopic volume. But in natural atom referred to the electron cloud is held in a microvolume is not a man and the kernel. It is a cloud holds a microvolume nature itself, which created the core of its electromagnetic field. Such withholding nature carried out long before the appearance rights.

In the artificial atom is the nucleus. A cloud of electrons is held not by the Coulomb field of the nucleus, and physical fields, specially created человеком. Но в отличие от природы, наноинженер не только удерживает такими полями электронное облако, но и, варьируя характеристики этих полей, он как бы отдает Team of the electron cloud - teams that are encoded by means of electromagnetic waves. Electron clouds nanoworld (ie, artificial atoms and atomic structure), taking the human team, change their natural qualities and behaviors. Each of nanotechnology - is some way to give nanostructures referred to the team, orders, directives, man. In the future, these teams will be given by means of nano. That's why nanocomputers and Technology Artificial superintelligence will also acquire a fundamental role in the practice of technological change the natural properties of atomic structures scale.

above, apparently, is enough to understand where a person (the creator of nanotechnology), it is possible to give commands surrogate "Atom, atomic structures. It is also clear why the man wielding the new century technology, at its discretion, may modify the physical properties and the behavior of atomic structures. Disposing of information, "wired" into nanostructures, perfecting methods of transmission of information teams nanosystems person makes all the more powerful authority over the world of nano. Such power allows the person using nanotechnology to control, manipulate, program constructed of artificial atoms, from which he subsequently creates different types of surrogate mothers with pre-ordered properties.

problem of human singularity

existential situation that generates all the expanding manufacturing practices and use of technology третьего тысячелетия, не может быть адекватно описана с помощью нынешних мировоззренческих понятий о мире, о человеке, о планетарном социуме, о глобальной Evolution Homosapiens'a. That's why this existential situation (similar to the cosmological singularity ) denoted by terms such as «anthropogenic singularity "," scientific and technological singularity "," social singularity ". All these terms refer to the same evolutionary megasotsiuma state to which it is speeding the current race in the technology of the third millennium. Since the practice of using such technology brings Our megasotsium to the state of singularity, where possible evolutionary leap «people - postchelovek», so far in the current literature, these New technology is increasingly referred to by terms such as «Singular Technology, transgumannye Technology, transchelovecheskie technology."

According to leading social experts, called technology will transform the XXI century in the age of tectonic transformation of global society. And it means that the practice of using singular technologies will inevitably be a major source of existential anxieties of our age. This will happen before likely, because the most likely option of the future, to which this practice is speeding our society - a state singularity. about what she really is a source of existential anxiety, convincingly demonstrates the latest stream of global socio-philosophical bestseller. Here are just a small sample from this flow:

• «Technological Singularity" - the author VernorVindzh (See: 3).
• «The future of human nature. On the way to the liberal Eugenics? "- by Jurgen Habermas (see: 4-5).
• «Our Posthuman Future. Consequences of the biotechnology revolution "- by Francis Fukuyama (See: 6).
• «End of the familiar world. Sociology of the XXI century ". - Immanuel Wallerstein, the author (see: 7).
• «The man in the face of uncertainty" - a team authors under the arms. Prigogine (See: 8).
• «Why do not we need the future?" - By Bill Joy (See: 9).
• Century machine animation "- author Ray Kurtsvayl (See: 10).
• «risk society. On the way to another modernity "- by Ulrich Beck (See: 11).
• «Technology and Life: The Man and postchelovek" - by Dominique Lekur (See: 12).

bestselling authors named are concerned that the reality created by the underlying technologies of the XXI century, takes a deep contradiction with the fact temporitmom our megasotsiuma that emerged in the course of his entire previous evolution. Globalizing practices in the use of technologies of the XXI century, literally before our eyes, turning a human being (in its totality) into an object of increasingly daring and highly risky procedures. Genesis genomes, corporeality man, his neuro-system, his intelligence is becoming a kind of "semi-finished product, which is bio-genome-psycho-socio-Engineering commissioned a market economy.

problem scientific and technological singularity, so - this does not narrow technical issue, and the most pressing social worldview problem humanists of the XXI century. It expresses a general concern of intellectuals, philosophers and social analysts of the impending fate of human existence in a world that is formed under increasing pressure from the scientific and technological activism.

One of the first problem formulated the great mathematician John von Neumann. In 1950, he stated that the exponential acceleration of technological progress, generating large-scale changes in life people, excite a feeling of approximation of a fatal singularity, ie special status in the history of human race. Word «Singularity» John von Neumann meant such a rapid change in the conditions of human existence that people adapt to such rapidly changing conditions is question. In other words, singularity here associated with the upcoming scrapping of the current temporitma evolution of mankind, which was formed in the previous millennium. Actually so imminent singularity could not cause the humanities existential anxiety for the coming the fate of mankind.

Forty years after von Neumann, the idea «future as a singularity» got a slightly different interpretation. In studies of Vernor Vinge and his followers, she appeared as a consequence of technological progress is not in its totality, but as the product of the mega-project "Artificial superintelligence.

Once the artificial superintelligence "exceed the natural power of human reason (And this, according to leading experts of our time, happen in the next decade), the development of a planetary civilization can be carried out according to the following evolutionary scenario:

first scenario: Create an increasingly powerful media superintelligence artificial (ie posthumans) intellectual ability that will be enormously greater than man's ability.

second scenario: progressive improvement of tissue планетарных компьютерно-информационно-медийных сетей, которая в интеграции с ее пользователями в какой-то момент может осознать себя как эволюционирующее sverhrazumnoe creature.

third scenario: Improving computer-human interface, which provides so closely biological organism and the computers that users' ability to reasonably be considered superhuman.

fourth scenario: Using the latest advances of genetics, nano-electronics, nanoinformatiki, quantum computing, which already provide a means for progressing improve natural human intellect.

evolution of planetary megasotsiuma according to any of the above scenarios inevitably plunges it to the state singularity, ie the state of postmodern upgrade all its dimensions. As we approach megasotsiuma to this state, he progressively transformed into «society of knowledge." His basic science, developed with technology of the new century, transformed into an industry that produces the most dangerous weapon of total destruction of animate and inanimate matter. These are the weapons of apocalyptic forces become scientific knowledge about the fundamental fundamental principle of living and nonliving matter. In these circumstances, the problem of the social status of knowledge is one of the most compelling.

............ ........ continuation

Taken from: 2084.ru

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Introduction to Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology - this technology works with the matter at the level of individual atoms. Traditional methods of production work with portions of matter, consisting of a billion or more atoms. This means that even the most precise instruments, man-made so far, at the atomic level looks like a messy hodgepodge. The transition from the manipulation of matter to the manipulation of individual atoms - a quantum leap, providing unprecedented accuracy and efficiency.

nanobearing

In 1959, Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman in his speech predicted that in the future by learning manipulate individual atoms, and humanity will be able to synthesize anything. In 1981 came the first tool for the manipulation of atoms - the tunnel microscope, invented by scientists from IBM. It turned out that by using this microscope can not only "see" individual atoms, but also to lift and move them around. This was demonstrated in principle the ability to manipulate atoms and, therefore, be collected directly from them, as if the bricks, all anything: any object, any substance.

Nanotechnology is usually divided into three areas:

• manufacture of electronic circuits, whose elements consist a few atoms
• creation of nanomachines, ie, mechanisms and robots the size of a molecule
• direct manipulation of atoms and molecules and assembly have anything

medical nanorobots

With rapid advances in technologies such as optics, nanolithography, mechanochemistry and 3D prototipirovnie, nanorevolyutsiya could happen over the next decade. When this happens, nanotechnology will have an enormous impact on virtually to all areas of industry and society.

In 1992, speaking before a commission of Congress, Dr. Eric Drexler drew a picture of the foreseeable future, when nanotechnology will transform our world. Will be eliminated hunger, disease, pollution and other pressing problems facing humanity. Practically all that is necessary for human life and activity, can be produced by molecular robots directly from the atoms and molecules of the surrounding environment. Food - from soil and air, just as they produce plants, silicon chips - from the sand. It is obvious that such a production will be much more cost effective and environmentally friendly than the current industry and agriculture.

A part of the constructive fog

Humanity receive only a comfortable environment in which there is no room for hunger or disease, or debilitating physical labor. In the future we waiting for the emergence of "intelligent environment" (ie, nature has become a direct productive force). Nanocomputers and nanomachines fill is all the surrounding space: they will be between the air molecules to be present in every object, every cell in the human body. Fly around the world will turn into one giant computer, or that perhaps it would be fair, humanity will merge with the surrounding world in a single intelligent organism.

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Immortality by transfer of memory .....

Strange memory

Natalia KUROLENKO, «Vedomosti»
transplanting brain cells You can give a person a second life, says Kiev scientist.

While we're thinking about the prices, wages and other everyday small things, some seriously concerned problem of personal immortality. Why? Science have already reached such levels as is possible in almost all would have been money - something like that now often can be heard from scientists, including Ukrainian. So why eternal life is impossible - certainly not for everyone?

MOMENT "H»

problem as you understand the need to radically solve - where there gerontology, with all due respect to them! Today we know almost 300 anti-aging theories. And yet, in the degree or another, work - just something immortal with us is not visible. Well, ten or twenty years gerontologists to add to our way of life. And then? Sooner or later the time comes "H", as it happened in his time with the famous tokamaks, on which day by day waiting for the solution of all energy problems, but the amounts are required, each next step becomes simply overwhelming. "If a billionaire wants to again and again to renew their life, it would be possible - says my current companion. - Only the costs will grow even exponentially, but at an exponential rate. "

And if you go to the other side? Okay, let people die, since I can not be otherwise. But if his memory is to transplant the baby, or in general, the embryo, the late its owner will like a second life! Oddly enough, this question is fulfilled by scientists very seriously.

In the middle of last century American James Mc Connell interested in planarians - these are flat worms that live on the shores of lakes and rivers. It turns out they are quite teachable - Thanks to the ganglia (clusters of specific nerve cells) can briefly learn simple defensive reflexes. Mc Connell was able to "explain" more particularly talented individuals of that from the bright light as soon as possible to crawl away, or get an electric shock. When they have learned he cut them in half. After a month of each half-grown new planaria, which reacts to light is several times faster. And, from both halves - Tail remembered the same thing with the head ganglion, and pass the knowledge of a new head!

Then there were the experiments in the Moscow Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the then USSR in Pushchino. A group of young scientists, led by Inna Sheiman acted like: pieces of "trained" worms tucked into the fabric of "untrained". And found out: even such tiny particles not only successfully take root, but also transfer their knowledge to new owners. "And if you go ahead and try not worms, but in rats, or even dogs? - Asks my companion today Emir ASHSHURSKY. - We tried. Started with a mouse. Then he switched to rats, hamsters and finished one dog "...

In general, you understand: the desire to learn more.

Turned to neurosurgeons. Eugene Yarmolyuk from the Kiev National Medical University named. Bogomoletz us, even the algorithm of this operation was.

- What to transplant? Part of the brain?

- Yes, some cells. But then I thought: it's immune system will reject them. Of course, for this is the appropriate drugs, but that, in principle, no matter how you understand. In animal experiments similar can be done, and what will be the man all his life to suppress immunity to any flu could be fatal? So on that project, we put a cross.

decided to appeal to embryology. I found a young candidate of medical sciences Vladimir Petrenko - Gold hands of those artists that shod flea. Began to teach adult mice through the maze run. Then Volodya took a trained mouse cells from the brain stem (not to be confused with stem cells!) and tucked the embryo - it was important to do it on stage while he still has not turned a fetus, when all organs are formed. Here, namely, all subtlety is to know which cells in which week of embryo development to take and where to transplant - this is our know-how. I confess: Mice were killed a lot - ever put their monument.

- I mean, you know exactly where in the brain is a memory - that I have about the person, not about mice?

- And here I have some thoughts, which many scientists consider heretical - the same physiology, for example. I am: a person - yes that of any creature - not a memory. Not in the sense that psychologists say: audio, olfactory, tactile, I do not know. And the real, which, as they say, and memory in Africa. I firmly believe: the memory is duplicated. And when we perceive information, it settles in several different places.

- Why are you so sure of that?

- Yes, because the evolution of the nature performed quite well as the evolution of technology. Was such a Charles Lyell, English geologist. He is pictured as follows: something alive, growing - and then wham, nature did not like everything is destroyed and begins a new way. If so - the memory of us pawned it would one place (HM: NB! ), how we do it in a robot or computer. But this theory is now completely refuted. The path of evolution was strewn with thorns and the thorns and his new "designer" moves she made over the old ones. Because man is, so to speak, on the powerful shoulders of the same simple etc., etc., some relics of their memory at each stage were deposited in us.

Specifically: where is the memory? First - in the brainstem, the so-called thalamus. Back in paleokortekse (so-called old crust) - it was still in the first primitive mammals. And the third level - the cerebral hemispheres. Counted, At least three - if you destroy the top, will work the lower layer. But not all so simple: because even in the upper layer shape memory - the right hemisphere, logic - the left.

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- We know that sometimes the sound or smell can cause the memory is that you did not think that you remember.

- But this, in my opinion, further proof that do not work the upper hemisphere, and some more ancient layers. But it's not all. In addition to these three layers of material is quite I clearly and categorically say: there is another, some "nonreal" mental memory. At the Institute of Zoology, Igor V. Dougal experimented with conditioned reflexes unicellular. It turns out that even amoebas remember something, they can teach. Ciliates shoes - even better remembered. But how, because they not only nerve cells, even receptors not only the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cluster? Obviously, this "tonkoveschestvennaya" memory is the very oldest relict.

But that's not all. Curse of our experiment - each two mammalian thalamus, two hemispheres, even in mice. And it was necessary to determine that dominates: suddenly we take the memory of such thalamus, which is not dominant? Then the young mouse does not feel old, ie, identification her personality is not.

- And by the way: you know exactly where some memory is located. Why such confidence, because of many physiologists can hear that our brains - in general, solid mystery?

- This is my personal view - and experiments, of which I tell you, it proves. If transplanted person, in memory of her personality must include emotions. When the rats reared in isolated conditions and never had affairs with a man crawls under your hand on his shoulder where he finds and begins to lick you on the cheek? This means that it has woken up the previous person home rat. She was transplanted namely the one ekzistentnuyu, as I call it the memory - if another rat is just going to learn fast. Applied to man would say from the outside: "Here a child prodigy growing! "But this element of deja vu at the prodigy will not be - and that means there will be no immortality! The problem is that in mice to understand what memory you are transplanted, virtually impossible - whether she was pleased, or just smarter? In rats was easier, especially dogs - they must learn dear person, wagging his tail.

- And if a man transplanted several of these "personalities"? Will split and rastroenie?

- Brain - an extremely plastic structure, the degree of adaptability it has no equal. Suppose a child grows, absorbs the information - as usual. Only personal planted in memory of him - let's say, the dog (after all, everything is possible!).

a while, he will experience some discomfort, will emerge memories from the former dog's life, layered on the latter-day human faces, toys, computers. But it is not long - then everything will depend on the environment, where he increases. Perhaps if in a box or a pack - a dog will prevail. And no - "Animals" memories like heal, no splitting will not ...

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Hadron Collider ... What is this contraption? =)

Big Hadron Collider ( Engl. Large Hadron Collider, LHC ) - accelerator of charged particles in the colliding beams, designed to accelerate protons и тяжёлых ионов (ионов свинца), построенный в научно-исследовательском центре Европейского совета ядерных исследований ( фр. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN ).

big it is named because of its size - the length of the main accelerator ring is 26.7 kilometers. Because it accelerates protons and heavy ions, which are hadrons, and it was called "hadrons". Collider same ( Engl. collide - face), he said, because faster particles in colliding beams.

Some experts and community representatives are concerned that there is a nonzero probability Released conducted in the collider experiments from the control and development of a chain reaction that, under certain conditions could theoretically kill the entire planet. Point of view, supporters of catastrophic scenarios associated with the work of the LHC, presented at a separate site. ^[6] Because of such sentiments BAC sometimes stands Last Hadron Collider ( Last Hadron Collider).

In this regard, the most frequently mentioned the theoretical possibility of in the collider microscopic black holes , ^[7] as well as the theoretical possibility of clots antimatter and magnetic monopoles chain reaction with subsequent capture of surrounding matter.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Arguments in favor of a catastrophic Script

According to proponents of the catastrophic scenario, there is a fundamental difference between the bombardment of Earth by space particles and accelerator experiments. In the first case encountered arriving from space ultrarelativistic (flying at a speed close to the speed of light) elementary particle elementary particles on Earth, the speed is small. The resulting particles are also ultrarelativistic and fly in outer space, without having to cause any harm to the Earth. In the collider, beams of the same face of the elementary particles moving with ultrarelativistic velocities in opposite directions. The microscopic black holes and other dangerous particles can fly with any speed. Some of them will be so slow that they can not leave the Earth.

General Relativity in the form proposed by Einstein , does not permit microscopic black holes at the LHC. However, they will occur if the correct theory with extra spatial dimensions. According to supporters catastrophic scenario, although such theories and speculative, the probability that they are correct, amounts to tens of percent. Hawking radiation , resulting in to the evaporation of black holes, is also a hypothetical - it was never confirmed experimentally. Therefore, there is a high probability that it does not work.

addition, the high probability of strapelek .

arguments of opponents of the catastrophic scenario

comparison with natural speed and energy

accelerator designed for jogging such particles as hadrons and atomic nucleus. However, there are natural sources of particle velocity and energy are much higher than in the collider ^[14] (see: Zevatron ). Such natural particles found in cosmic rays . Surface of the planet Earth partially protected from these rays, but passing through the atmosphere, particles of space Rays faced with atoms and molecules of air. As a result of these natural collisions in the Earth's atmosphere generated set of stable and unstable particles. As a result, on this planet for many millions of years there natural background radiation .

summer of 2008, scientists discovered in the area Crab natural particle accelerators. ^[15]

same thing (pushing the elementary particles and atoms) will be and in the LHC, but with less velocity and energy, and in much smaller quantities.

Microscopic black holes

If black holes can occur during the collision of elementary particles, they also will break up into elementary particles, in accordance with the principle of CPT-invariance , non- one of the most fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.

Further, if the hypothesis of the existence of stable micro black-holes were true, they would have formed in large quantities by bombarding the Earth's cosmic elementary particles. But most of the arrivals from outer space high Elementary particles possess an electric charge, so part of the black holes would be electrically charged. Those charged black holes would be captured Earth's magnetic field, and whether they are indeed dangerous, long ago would have destroyed the Earth. mechanism Schwimmer , making the black hole is electrically neutral, it is very similar to the Hawking effect and can not work if not working Hawking effect.

In addition, any black hole, charged or electrically neutral, captured to white dwarfs and neutron stars (which, like the Earth, are bombarded by cosmic radiation) and destroyed them. As a result, the lifetime of white dwarfs and neutron stars would have been much shorter than that observed in reality. In addition, destructible white dwarfs and neutron stars emitted would be additional radiation, which in fact is not observed.

Finally, theories with extra spatial dimensions that predict the occurrence of microscopic black holes do not contradict the experimental data only if the number of extra dimensions not less than three. But with so many additional measurements have to pass billions of years before the black hole would cause the Earth any significant harm.

Strapelki

Main article : Strapelka \u0026lt;/ lj-embed>

particles consisting of the top, bottom and strange quarks, abundantly produced in the laboratory conditions, but decay over time of about 10 ^-9 sec. There is a hypothesis that a sufficiently large core, consisting of approximately equal number of upper, lower and strange quarks are stable, since the quarks are fermions and the Pauli principle forbids two identical fermions reside in the same the same quantum state. If the kernel has three different types of quarks, rather than two, as in ordinary nuclei, the greater the number of quarks can be in the low-energy states, without violating the Pauli exclusion principle. Such hypothetical nuclei consisting of three types of quarks are called strapelkami.

Hypothetically, it is possible that strapelki some unknown way to us catalyze the transformation of ordinary matter in strapelki, which can lead to becoming a strapelki the entire planet. However, even in this situation, the collider poses no danger, because the energy of particle collisions out there on the orders of the lower ^{[ source? ]} , than those with which can form the nucleus (whether ordinary or strapelki). In addition, if strapelki arose in the LHC, they would be in even greater numbers occurred and in the relativistic heavy ion accelerator RHIC , because the number of collisions where above and below the energy. But this is not happening.

Time Machine

According to the international edition New Scientist ( Engl. ), Professor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Irina Aref'eva and Corresponding Member of RAS, Doctor Mathematical and Physical Sciences Igor Volovich ^[16] believe that this experiment could lead to a time machine . ^{[17] [18]} They believe that the proton collisions could give rise to space-time wormholes («wormholes").

opposite view holds Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences from the Institute of Nuclear Physics Edward Boos , denies the occurrence of black holes at the LHC, and therefore, "wormholes" and time travel. ^[19]


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Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering

Tilatsina, the Tasmanian devil (Tiger), extinct in 1936, was cloned in Australia

Genetic engineering - is the area of biotechnology, includes actions to restructure the genotypes. Already, genetic engineering allows you to toggle on and off individual genes, thus controlling activity of organisms, as well - carry the genetic instructions from one organism to another, including - organisms of another species. As soon as Genetics are learning more about the work of the genes and proteins is becoming increasingly real possibility of arbitrary programming genotype (primarily man), can easily reach any outcome: such as resistance to radiation, the ability to live underwater, the ability to regenerate damaged bodies and even immortality.

Genetic information

genetic information (genome) contained in the cell chromosomes (in humans to 46), consisting of DNA molecule and its packing proteins, as well as in mitochondria. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a sequence of nucleotides, each of which contains one of four nitrogenous bases - guanine (G), adenine (A) (purines), thymine (T) and cytosine (C). From a functional point of view, DNA is composed of many blocks (sequences of nucleotides), which keep a certain amount of information - genes.

gene - a site of a DNA molecule that contains information of the primary structure of any one protein (one gene - one protein). Since the organisms are present in tens of thousands of proteins, there are tens of thousands genes (in humans to about 20-25 thousand). The set of all genes of an organism constitutes its genotype. All body cells contain the same genes, but each of them realized the different part of the stored information. Only those genes are active, which are necessary for the functioning of the cells, so For example, neurons and the structural-functional, and biological characteristics different from those of liver cells.

role of proteins in the body

Proteins are the most important molecules in every living organism, the chemical basis of living matter. By the definition of Engels' life has a way of existence of protein bodies. "Proteins carry out metabolism (transport of substances in the body) and energy conversion, provide a structural basis for tissue serve as catalysts chemical reactions that protect the body against pathogens, carry messages that regulate the activity of the body. Chemically, proteins are chains of amino acids folded in space in a special way.

information about the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain protein found in the genes in the form of nucleotide sequence. For example, the sequence CAA (cytosine, adenine, adenine) or CAG (cytosine, adenine, guanine) codes for the amino acid glutamine. This information is copied onto RNA molecules, which transmit in the ribosomes (which are also composed of proteins) instructions for protein synthesis. Synthesized proteins begin perform their functions, providing a work cell and whole organism.

One of the functions of proteins - activation of genes. Some genes contain fragments that draw to their specific proteins. If these proteins are contained in a cage, they align themselves with this portion of the gene and may permit or prohibit copying it to RNA. The presence or absence in a cage similar regulatory proteins determines which genes are activated, which means that any new proteins are synthesized. It is this regulatory mechanism determines whether the cell to function as muscle or nerve cell, or which part of the body should develop in this part of the embryo. Each cell is guided by such simple instructions ("If there is a protein X and Y, synthesize proteins Z, W and U, but do not synthesize protein V"). Overall, however, development of an organism from a single cell up to 100 trillion cells (human) - this is a very complicated process. To understand it until the end of scholars may be required 10-20 years.

Genetic Engineering

If you make an organism (plants, microorganisms, animal or even people) new genes, we can give it a new desired feature, which until then he had never possessed. Changes in genes primarily associated with the transformation of the chemical structure of DNA: sequence variation nucleotides in the chromosomal DNA, loss of some and the inclusion of other nucleotide change of form on DNA, RNA molecules, and this, in turn, causes a new sequence of amino acids in the synthesis. As a result, the cell begins to synthesize new protein, which leads to the emergence of a new organism properties.

Genetic engineering has its origins in 1973 when geneticists Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer introduced a new gene into the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Beginning Since 1982, U.S. firms, Japan, Britain and other countries produce genetically engineered insulin. Cloned genes of the human insulin were introduced into the bacterial cell where synthesis started hormone that natural microbial strains never synthesized.

Around 200 new diagnostic products already introduced in medical practice, and more than 100 genetically engineered drugs is under clinical study. Among these drugs are cured arthritis, cardiovascular disease, some malignant processes, and perhaps even AIDS. Among several hundreds of genetic engineering firms 60% are working on the production medicinal and diagnostic products.

Genetic engineering in agriculture

By the end of 1980 was able to successfully introduce new genes into the tens of plants and animals - a tobacco plant with illuminated leaves, tomatoes, easily transferring frozen, corn, resistant to pesticides.

One important task - obtaining plants resistant to viruses, since currently there are no other ways to fight viral infections agricultural cultures. The introduction of genes into plant cells of the protein shell of the virus, makes plants resistant to this virus. Currently, transgenic Plants that can withstand the effects of more than a dozen different viral infections.

Another challenge relates to the protection of plants against insect pests. Application of insecticides is not fully effective, firstly because of their toxicity, and secondly, because they are washed away by rain water from the plants. In genetic engineering laboratories, Belgium and the U.S. have successfully implemented the genes in the plant cell earthen bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, allows synthesis of insecticides bacterial origin. These genes are introduced into cells of potato, tomato and cotton. Transgenic potato and tomato are resistant to the invincible Colorado beetle, cotton plants were resistant to various insects, including cotton scoop. Using genetic engineering has allowed reduce the use of insecticides by 40 - 60%.

Genetic engineers brought transgenic plants with a longer ripening fruit. These tomatoes, for example, can be removed from the bush with red, without fear that they perezreyut during transportation.

list of plants, which have successfully used genetic engineering techniques, is about fifty species, including apple, plum, grapes, cabbage, eggplant, cucumber, wheat, soy, rice, rye, and many other agricultural plants.

Gene therapy of human

In public, the technology of genetic engineering was first used for the treatment of Ashanti De Silva, four girls who suffered from severe immunodeficiency. The gene contains instructions for protein production of adenosine deaminase (ADA), she had a corrupted. And without the protein ADA White blood cells die, which makes the body vulnerable to viruses and bacteria.

A working copy of the ADA gene was introduced into the blood cells by Ashanti modified virus. Cells were able to independently produce the desired protein. After 6 months the number of white cells in the body girls had risen to normal levels.

After that gene therapy will push for further development. Since 1990 hundreds of laboratories are studies on the use of gene therapy to treat diseases. Today we know that using gene therapy can cure diabetes, anemia, some types of cancer, Huntington's disease, and even clean the arteries. Now there is more than 500 clinical trials of various kinds of gene therapy.

adverse ecological furnishings and a range of other similar causes lead to the fact that more children are born with serious congenital defects. It is now known 4,000 hereditary diseases, most of which are not found effective ways of treatment.

Today it is possible to diagnose many genetic diseases at the stage of an embryo or fetus. While you can only terminate the pregnancy at an early stage in the event of serious genetic defects, but soon it will be possible to correct the genetic code, correcting and optimizing the genotype of the unborn child. This will enable to avoid genetic diseases and to improve physical and mental characteristics of children.

Today we can say that in thirty years of its existence Genetic engineering has not caused any harm by the researchers did not bring any damage to nature or man. Achievements of genetic engineering in knowledge mechanisms of the organisms, and in the applied aspect is very impressive, and the prospects for a truly fantastic.

Human Genome Project "

In 1990, the U.S. launched a project "Human Genome Project, whose goal was to determine the entire genetic year man. The project, which played an important role and Russian Genetics, was completed in 2003. As a result of the project 99% of the genome was determined with an accuracy of 99,99% (1 error in 10,000 nucleotides). Completion of the project has already yielded practical results, for example, easy to use tests to determine the genetic predisposition to many hereditary diseases.

Expressed, for example, hopes that through rasshirfrovke genome by 2006 will be to develop drugs for the treatment of this dangerous disease like AIDS, by 2009, will identify genes that are associated with malignant tumors, and to the 2010-2015 year will be established mechanisms for the occurrence of almost all types cancer. By the year 2020 can be finalized preparations to prevent cancer.

immediate objectives of geneticists

Although genetics and genetic engineering have already played enormous role in medicine and agriculture, the main results still to come. We still have a lot to learn about how to run a complex genetic system in our body and other living creatures.

necessary to determine the function and purpose of each gene, to determine what are the conditions for its activation, in which periods of life, in which parts of the body and under what circumstances it is included and leads to the synthesis of the corresponding protein. Next, you need to understand the role played by this protein in the body, whether it goes beyond the cell, which carries messages, which catalyzes the reaction, the effect on the launch of Biological processes in other parts of the body, which genes are activated. A separate challenge is to address the protein folding - as knowing the sequence amino acids that make up a protein determine its three-dimensional structure and function. This problem requires a new theoretical knowledge and a more powerful supercomputers.

But scientists are baffled by the scale of this problem. Deciphering the human genome has demanded more than a decade, addressing the protein folding can take a little longer, but when it is resolved, people will be able to fully control the life processes in all organisms at all levels.

Prospects control genes

development of genetic engineering make it possible to improve the human genotype. Large-scale challenges now facing humanity require talented people in many industries, and highly committed individuals who have perfect health, the highest physical and mental abilities. Such people can be created by genetic, genetic and cell engineering. These methods are applicable only as to appear born children and to have adults. People will be able to repeatedly reinforce their own abilities, and increase the ability of their children. With the objective point of view, there is nothing wrong or unethical. Already, many world-renowned scientists such as Watson, one of the discoverers of DNA, they say that human stupidity, for example, is essentially a genetic disease in the future will be cured.

are eliminated genetic causes of diseases, all people will be perfectly healthy. Aging will be stopped and no one will have to face withering, with the decline forces, with decrepitude. People will become virtually immortal - death will become increasingly rare after ceasing to be inevitable.

known, for example, that one of the causes of aging is the reduction of telomeres with each cell division. Telomeres - a copy of a fragment of TTAGGG, located at the ends of all chromosomes and protect DNA as aglet. Typically, the cell dies, surviving about 50 fission processes, but the scientists managed to make unlimited cell division. In the late 1990's scientists were able to introduce into the cells they discovered the gene responsible for producing the protein telomerase restores the telomeres, and the thus making them immortal.

Of course, some groups are not hampered by the relevant knowledge, but pursuing what is personal and ideological or lobbying purposes may try to ban such technology, but as the history of science, for a long time to do so they will not succeed.

Progress unlikely to stop at correcting deficiencies. Curable disease, and stop aging, people would start to improve your own body, for its restructuring on their own plans and desires. People will be able to arbitrarily sculpt your own body and mind, to add their talents, to live under water, fly, eat the energy of sunlight, adding new sections of the brain, new organs of the body. Fans will be able to modify their bodies to make their body like the bodies of animals or even chimeras, such as centaurs or mermaids.

person is unlikely to limit its restructuring. He will be able to recreate organisms disappeared earlier from the Earth - the mammoth, the dodo bird, dinosaur, as well as creating entirely new organisms - dragons, unicorns, living at home flying trees. Any organism whose existence is not contrary to the laws of nature can be created. New species of animals, plants and even completely new creatures will be created for industrial purposes, as a form of creativity, for space exploration. In addition, people certainly want to help their brethren smaller rise from the animal level. With the help of genetic modification will be to strengthen intelligence of dogs, chimpanzees, dolphins and other animals. More people will not be alone in the realm of life on Earth.

But the gene revolution will not last forever. Concurrent progress in nanotechnology will to ensure that the boundaries between the animate and inanimate will be erased. Nanorobots and robots will be able to perform all the functions of biological objects, cybernetic organisms will combine biological and mechanical parts, androids are indistinguishable from biological humans. Artificial Intelligence and downloaded to your computer people will be reasonable as well as individual, existing in the living brain. In the end, inevitable restructuring of all inert matter in an intelligent matter, organized at the nano level, having the ability to rebuild itself and serve as a carrier of the mind. But that's another story.

Clean Soul Silver Rom English

Nootropics

definition of nootropics

term "nootropic" was first proposed in 1972 by the author of the drug, "Piracetam (K. Zhiurdzhea) to refer to drugs with a specific activator impact on integrative functions of the brain that stimulate learning, improve memory and mental activity, increasing resistance to aggressive brain effects that enhance the cortico-subcortical connections. In recent years, suggested a somewhat different content of the term, providing that nootropic should be considered as a substance, activating the higher integrative brain activity, restoring the broken mnestic (ie related with memory) and mental function, reduce neurological deficits and increasing resistance to extreme conditions. Originally

nootropics were created for the treatment of: Parkinson's disease at early stages of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, narcolepsy, depression, a syndrome of disorders Attention and ADHD (attention deficit syndrome and giperaktivnostii). Seychas LU, Taki drugs stanovyatsya 'lifestyle drug' - takimi zhe, how, for example, Viagra. The Statistics port, third of the adult population in Europe and Japan taking drugs of this group.

Nootropiki and transhumanism

Transhumanists generally very positive attitude towards the use of nootropics. In 1995 the company was founded BLTC Research (Better Living Through Chemistry). Founder - David Pierce, co-founder of the World Transgumanisticheskoy Association . The company's goal - the development of biochemical and neurophysiological technologies to enhance human capabilities, creating opportunities for conscious human control over their own thinking, emotional and psychological processes. Task-max - long-term Technology Paradise-engineering project that aims to cope with the biological basis of human suffering and of all vested sentient beings on Earth. This can be achieved through research in the field of neuroscience, genetic engineering and the further restructuring of the brain.

Some principles of neyropreparatov.

release or block supplies of neurotransmitters (such as dopamine, serotonin and many others), accelerate or slow down their synthesis, stimulate or block the synaptic receptors, stimulate the return of neurotransmitters, etc. Effects do not always trust, usually complex, because any change can affect many aspects of nervous activity. It also creates the problem of side effects. Creation of detailed models of the brain (eg, as in the draft IBM Blue Brain) will allow a better understanding of his work, so will create a more selective (and therefore more effective and safe) nootropic drugs.

Side effects of nootropics

Total nnotropiki are a safe class of drugs. The most dangerous (and therefore - More than "swear" in society) is Ritalin. Before using Prozac are urged to consult with your doctor.

Specific nootropic drugs.

Glycine

piano and: Poor Anti-depressant, Learning

Glycine - an amino acid that improves metabolism in the brain. The drug is absolutely harmless. Has a calming effect, no narcotic effect not imeet.Yavlyaetsya food additive (code - E640).

Application: Cerebral circulation; impaired memory, thinking, aging, alcoholism, vegetative-vascular dystonia. Take 1 tablet under the tongue, and to dissolve.

When you receive large (10 or more) count tablets - possible effect of the intensification of dreams.

average price - 16-20 rubles (100 mg, 50 pieces of tablets)

Amphetamines

piano and: Anti-depressant, Stimulant

Amphetamine (list 2), dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine (list 1) are the stimulants of the CNS. By 1937 the ninth year amphetamine became commercially available by prescription in the form tablets and prinimenyalsya in the treatment of ADHD. In the United States Air Force from World War II, amphetamines, and until 1992 was used as a "pill alert" for pilots. There information that they "secretly" apply now (see, for example incident in Iraq ). To reverse the effect, to help pilots sleep after amphetamine used Ambien. Widespread from truckers, athletes, office workers and students, as well as a means for treating moderate depression.

widely distributed on the black market, is actively produced in the "underground" laboratories. Amphetamines have a number of frequent side effects and can be addictive, so their use is dangerous and not recommended. In Russia, the medical use of amphetamines is prohibited.

Piracetam

piano and: Cognitive Functions

first synthesized in 1963. The main mechanism of action of piracetam, like many other nootropics, due to the change of metabolic, bioenergetic processes in nerve cells, increasing the rate of turnover information macromolecules and activation of protein synthesis. Due to their properties Piracetam has found extremely wide application in the treatment of various cognitive disorders, including mnemonic arising from hypoxia, intoxication, acute or chronic alcohol abuse, trauma and various degenerative brain lesions, etc. Piracetam is used to increase mental human activities, especially in elderly and senile age, recovery of mental retardation in children, treatment of dyslexia, the vestibular disorders, cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, thrombophlebitis, stroke) and diseases of the blood (anemia), as well as to improve resistance to extreme conditions. Easily soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.

drug Nootropil - one of the drugs, the active component which is to piracetam.

Recommendation for Admission:

Reception - first from 800 mg / day (1 tablet). If necessary, increase the dose to 2400 mg. Doses of up to 10000 mg per day and more secure. Even at very high doses, side effects is almost there.

Attention! Nootropil should be taken preferably Belgian and certainly with lecithin and vinaminom B5!

B5 contains not all multivitamin complexes. There is a complex Bio Max (JSC Shchelkovsky Vitamin Plant, 60 tablets, the average price - 100 rubles)

In the application can rarely marked irritability, anxiety, sleep disorder. In most cases it is possible achieve regression of these symptoms, reducing the dose preparata.Edinichny reports of adverse effects on the gastro-intestinal tract, skin allergies reactions, headaches and dizziness.

average price - 100 rubles (800 mg, 30 pcs. Tablets)

sale as a powder, which goes well with orange juice.

cm.statyu Piracetam in the light of modern research

Fenotropil

synonyms: carphedon

piano and: Cognitive Functions

Has expressed antiamnestic action activates the integrative activity of the brain contributes to memory consolidation, improves concentration and mental activity, facilitates the learning process, accelerates the transfer of information between the hemispheres of the brain, increases the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia and toxic influences, has anticonvulsant activity and anxiolytic activity, regulates the processes of activation and inhibition of central nervous system, improves mood.

Created by a team of the Institute of Biomedical Problems, RAS. Originally developed for the normalization of mental and emotional state Astronauts and increase their efficiency.

dosage regimen set individually.

average single dose of 150 mg (100-250 mg), average daily dose - 250 mg (200-300 mg). The maximum daily dose - 750 mg.

Multiplicity reception - 1-2 times / day. In contrast, piracetam - is effective in single dose.

Average price - 400 rubles. (100 mg, 10 pcs. Tablets)

Extras: cm. Several enthusiastic article about preparate

Modafinil (Alertek)

piano and: Stimulant

was synthesized in the late 70s of last century, the French pharmaceutical company Lafon Group. In 1986, GV test results revealed that the drug not only opposed to narcolepsy, but just off for some time the need for sleep. In 1994, France began production of tablets based on it. In 1993, Lafon Group has sold the rights to use this drug in the U.S. company Cephalon. Under the title "provigil" in December 1998, the FDA authorized the sale of modafinil as a treatment narcolepsy.

not logged Ministry of Public Health, so buy it in pharmacies, not Russian.

In tests on helicopter pilots, pilots who received Modafinil 600 mg for 3 doses, kept alertness in sleep mode "8 hours of sleep for 88 hours." In other trials, fighter aircraft F-117, sleep-deprived and received 300 mg modafinil (3 doses at 100), retained about 27 percent of the skill of controlling the aircraft.

During his research, and sales (Alertec, Provigil) showed no adverse effects, except in rare cases of mild nausea and headache.

Dose: If you just want to relieve fatigue, you will receive a single 100 mg. To to preserve the "readiness" for the whole day - 100mg in the morning and 100 mg at lunch time. If you wish to leave to awake during the night - then add another 100 mg dose evening (in other words - 100 mg every 8 hours)

Currently, modafinil is considered safer than caffeine and amphetamines better.

Extras: see instructions for use and ext. Information . alerteka detailed discussion in our forum (incl. information about the availability of the drug).

Ritalin (Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine)

piano and: Stimulant

In the U.S., is classified as Schedule II (without a prescription not buy), in Russia - is included in a list.

used to treat ADHD (ADHD suffer from 3-5% of the population). Soothes, improves concentration. Used as a narcotic drug (cocaine kids ") and the stimulant. Very popular (as for treatment, and for other purposes.) Used by many (25%) of students in the United States to improve performance. Can cause side effects. (Complications due to reception in comminuted form, rather than on instruction. The introduction of insoluble excipients used in tablets, blocking small blood vessels, causing serious damage to the lungs and retina of the eye.) Taking large doses of Ritalin increases the speed of the heart and blood pressure. It can also lead to severe psychological dependence.

• How To Take Ritalin Correctly - User nootropic use.

Prozac

piano and: anti-depressant

One of the most famous antidepressants in the world, primenneniyu prescriptions for more than 54 million people. Prozac began to be sold in Belgium in 1986 in the U.S. in January 1988, Russia has sold pharmacies without a prescription.

active ingredient - fluoxetine hydrochloride. The mechanism of action is associated with a specific inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Stable clinical effect develops after 2 weeks. constant dose.

side effects while taking Prozac, are not common, in the weak form and disappear completely within 2-4 weeks after starting treatment.

Dosage:

initial dose - 0.02 g / day. Take medication in the morning. If necessary, dose drug may be increased in 3-4 weeks. The maximum daily dose - 0.08 g, taken in 2-3 doses.

average price - 550 rubles (20 mg, 14 pcs. Capsules)

Semax

piano and: Cognitive Functions, Memory

nootropics Semax developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMG RAN), which has been adjusted its industrial production. This preparation is based on natural amino acids, has no hormonal effects on the body, does not have an allergic and immunotoxicity effect.

«Semax 0.1% for healthy people used to increase efficiency, improve memory and mental abilities. To reduce stress load, preventing and treating chronic fatigue. Also - for rehabilitation of patients with memory disorders and motor skills as a result of stroke due to head injuries, Parkinson's disease, Huntington.

From 1994 to 1996 trials (1000) proved that "Semax 0.1%" can prescribe healthy people in order to increase adaptive capacity of the organism to function in an emotional, mental and physical overload. March 28, 1996 the drug received approval from the Ministry of Health.

Dose: 10-40 drops (500-2000 mcg.) Daily.

Recommended use :

Scheme 1.

«Semax 0,1% in 10-14 days at 2 drops in each nostril in the morning. For an absolutely healthy people recommend 2 courses per year. Number of bottles on the course: 1.

Scheme 2 (for memory enhancement.

«Semax 0.1%" for 3-7 days to 2 drops in each nostril to 6 times a day, 2 hours, for example, at 8.00-10.00- 12.00-14.00-16.00-18.00 - for a longer duration course. Then, after a week break to use the drug for 21 days to 2 drops in each nostril 2-3 times a day.

Or a half hours per day 7 times per day 9.00-10.30-12.00-13.30-15.00-16.30-18.00 - For the shorter course (5 days), and after a break of 1 week, within 21 days of 2-3 drops into each nostril 2-3 times a day. Such combined courses can be carried out 3-4 times a year. Number of bottles on the course: 3 + 6-12.

Extras: see Site Semax and Website IMG Sciences

average price - 360 rubles. to 3 ml (3000 mcg).

donepezil

synonym: Aricept

piano and: Memory

Originally developed as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease donepezil prevents the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which stimulates memory and the formation of conditioned reflexes.

average price - 3750 rubles (5 mg, 28 pcs. Tablets)

Aminalon

piano and: Memory, Learning

Increases respiratory activity of brain tissue, improves glucose utilization, improves blood flow to the brain. Mainly used in low blood supply.

the inside before eating. Adults appointed according to the nature and severity of disease, 500 mg-1.25 g 3 times / day. Daily dose is 1.5-3, the course of treatment - from 2 weeks to 6 months. If necessary, repeat courses.

Average price - 50 £ (250 mg, 100 pieces. Tablets)

DMAE (2-dimethylaminoethanol)

piano and: Memory, Learning, Anti-aging

improves memory and learning ability. Stimulates the production of choline needed for normal brain function.

DMAE - a substance that improves memory, it occurs in a number of drugs that are known to stabilize cell membrany.Degradatsiya cell membrane is one of the primary mechanisms of aging, while DMAE - a precursor to choline and acetylcholine, and has been shown to overcome the blood-brain barrier faster than choline. That choline inside the cells is converted into phosphatidylcholine, which is used for construction and reconstruction of cell membranes, especially in the brain. DMAE when ingested, is converted to acetylcholine (from lack of acetylcholine occur: weakness, fatigue, depression, slow reaction time, difficulty in thinking, poor memory, irritability, etc..)

Increases energy status of the organism, in this context is used athletes. Improves skin elasticity, skin tone, appearance. In a period of several months to 2 years, removes from the body's cells to one half or more toxic pigment "lipofuscin. Significantly improves the properties of blood - the capture and transport of oxygen to the tissues.

range of dosages of DMAE is from 100 to 1500 mg per day.

To extend the life limit recommended dosage of 300-450 mg / day, prolonged courses of several months. To improve the general condition, increase mental and physical abilities in courses for 1-3 months. of 500-1000 mg or more per day. Start taking a small dose with a gradual increase. Take morning and afternoon. With good endurance can before eating, otherwise during the meal.

The fact that the drug works effectively, can be recognized by such phenomena as more deep sleep and dream realistic, easy-twitch muscles, better concentration. These effects usually occur when using the drug from 450 mg / day or more.

average price - 600 rubles (100 mg, 100 pieces. Capsules)

Melatonin

Synonym: melaxen

piano and: sleep regulator, anti-aging

In the body, melatonin is produced pineal gland and its main function is the ability to lead the circadian rhythm of the human body. Studies from 1960. Scientists have found that melatonin still possesses a number of properties - animals with a remote epiphysis grew old much faster than normal animals, and the introduction into the body of conventional animals extracts obtained from the pineal gland, led to a significant prolongation of life. Gradually, it was found that melatonin, in addition, that much prolongs life, has the following important and useful properties:

• has powerful antioxidant action
• protect against cancer tumors.
• Lowers blood cholesterol.
• Increases immunity.
• acts as a powerful adaptogen.
• Extends sexually active, suppresses climacteric syndrome, the longer retains the potency, etc.
• Helps normalize blood pressure.
• Helps with insomnia, with seasonal depression, and others

reason for all these properties - melatonin increases the sensitivity of the hypothalamus, which leads to a shift in metabolism toward characteristic of a younger body. In sufficient amount of melatonin produced only up to 20 years, and then develop more and more of the hormone decreases that consistently leads the body to aging.

Dosing and dosing of melatonin.

used melatonin once daily at bedtime. If you have problems falling asleep, you can take melatonin 2-3 hours before bedtime. Dosage of 1 to 10 mg. You can already start with 25-30 years, but the course of 1-3 months and 2 month break. Years with 40 of its possible used as replacement therapy, almost always.

effective dose is easily determined by the well-being. For example, the dosage of melatonin 3 mg does not give a powerful effect in terms of sleep, but the dream becomes much stronger. Dreams are so realistic that after a half day remains under the influence.

Melatonin is one of the safest drugs of this kind. In fact, it supplements. Even a dosage of 75 mg applied in the treatment of certain diseases, is well tolerated. And yet, to extend the lives of more than 6.3 mg per day to take is not recommended.

Average price - 320 rubles (3 mg, 60 pcs. Capsules)

Selegiline

Synonyms: deprenyl, Selgin, Selegos, Eldepril, Yumex, Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Selgin, Selgos, Tumex, Jumex.

piano and: Memory, Intelligence

MAO inhibitor selective action; is used to treat Parkinson's disease. Appointed inside. It is believed that selegiline inhibits the decomposition of dopamine in the body. Possible side effects: syncope the sudden change in body position from horizontal to vertical, nausea, involuntary movements and confusion.

Average price - £ 600-700 (5 mg, 50 pcs. Tablets)

HGH

synonym: growth hormone

piano and: Anti-aging

Insulin-like growth factor-1 - a hormone secreted by the liver under the influence pituitary growth hormone. More it - produced nochyu.Posle 30 years to develop its reduced on average by 3-5% per year. Recent research on the application HGh in U.S. hospitals found a rise in body growth factor to 45.5%, which means the rejuvenation of the body for 15-20 years.

Until recently, time of insulin-like growth factor-1 was injected only in the form of injections in special medical centers, because factor is a pure proteins, and if swallowed is destroyed by enzymes of gastro - intestinal tract. Scientists have created HGh in another form, which can be applied through the mouth.

HGh can be applied children after 12 years with slow growth, and adult (after 30-35 years) to prevent stareniyaorganizma and development of chronic diseases, to maintain normal weight for brain activation, normalization of sleep and lift the mood, for improving memory, to increase physical strength and endurance, for the disappearance wrinkles.

The composition HGh is niacin, which complements the rejuvenating effect, as normalize blood cholesterol levels, and participates in the reactions in which sugar and fat are converted into energy, is involved in converting fat into eicosanoids that contribute to blood thinners.

To obtain maximum results the use of HGh need to limit the use of white sugar and products made with white flour and have dinner no later than 4 hours before bedtime.

Directions:

Three doses of spray at the root language for Z0 min before breakfast and before bedtime.

The IOC (International Olympic committee) are very large claims for the substance (Possibly due to the fact that until now have not created the test, fixing his potrebelenie athletes). Probable (not confirmed!) Side effects: violation functions of the heart, liver and kidney, mutation of the extremities (mostly this applies to the toes), which resulted in the feet begin to resemble shovels, as well as an increased risk of cancer.

average price - 1500 rubles (30 ml spray bottle)

also increase the production of HGH helps drug XNGF (Xtreme Natural Growth Factor). It contains Mucuna pruriens, Alpha-GPC, and Bacopa Monniera.

Nutrition per serving (3 capsules.) Drug:

• Macuna Pruriens (Standardized 15% L-Dopa) - 660 mg
• Alpha GPC - 400 mg
• Bacopa monniera extract (standardized to 20 % bacosides A & B) - 50 mg

Directions: Take 1-2 capsules. per day: morning for 60-30 minutes. before meals and at night for 60-30 minutes. before bedtime. Maximum recommended dosage is 4 capsules. per day.

average price of 2200 rubles. (90 capsules per pack)

Pikamilon (Picamilonum)

N-Nikotinoil-g-aminobutyric acid, sodium Salt - nootropic drug.

Trivia

The drug was synthesized in 1970, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of vitamins (Moscow, USSR) VM Kopelevich, LM Shmuylovichem and Vyacheslav Trubnikov. Introduced into medical practice in 1986. Is the first original domestic nootropics. Currently, the rights to the drug owned pharmaceutical company SPC ECHO ", Moscow, Russia.

Chemically, may be considered as a combination of molecules of GABA and nicotinic acid. Pharmacologically the drug also combines the basic properties of these two components.

Applied pikamilon (For adults) as a nootropic agent in vascular and cerebral circulatory disorders mild to moderate, with vascular dystonia, in states anxiety, fear, irritability, and withdrawal symptoms in patients with alcoholism, as well as to increase resistance to physical and mental stress.

use drugs alone or combined therapy.

Assign inside regardless of the meal.

in cerebrovascular diseases single dose ranging from 0,02 to 0,05 g 2-3 times a day, daily - 0,06-0,15, the course of treatment is 1-2 months. Recommended to repeat the course in 5-6 months.

in the treatment of depression in old age pikamilon prescribed in daily doses 0,04-0,2 g (2-3 hours) for 1,5-3 months.

with alcoholism during abstinence prescribed in doses 0,1-0,15 g / day short course - 6-7 days, with more persistent violations outside of abstinence - a daily dose of 0,04-0,06 g within 4-5 weeks.

For disaster recovery and high loads pikamilon prescribe a daily dose of 0,06-0,08 g during 1-1,5 months.

When applying picamilon may increase irritability, agitation, feelings of anxiety, dizziness, headache, mild nausea, allergic rash, itching of the skin. In this case, lower the dose or stop medicine.

Contra

drug is contraindicated if you are hypersensitive, acute and chronic kidney diseases.

Physical properties

white crystalline powder, odorless. Easily soluble in water. Hygroscopic.

Product

tablets 0,01 0,02 and 0,05 g (10, 20, 50 mg) in a package of 30 pieces.

Solution for injection 10%

Store in a dry place, protected from light.

average price of 14 rubles per 30 tablets to 0.2g

Herbs and berries

herbs have nootropicheskim effect (effectiveness, of course, scanty):

Ginko Biloba - increases blood flow to the limbs and brain

Eleutherococcus (Siberian Ginseng) - tonic and adaptogen that normalizes the state of stress, enhances mental ability

Extras: see Photostrip "5 products that enhance the mental abilities"

Habitual "natural nootropiki"

Bitter Chocolate . Active substance: serotonin. It is an antidepressant, supports a good mood, not affect the concentration or sleep.

Strong coffee . Caffeine - a stimulant quick action, in concentration does not affect, for an hour and a half excitement are replaced by inhibition поэтому немедленный повторный прием эффекта не дает, и для бессонной ночи он не годится . Кроме того, к кофеину очень быстро развивается привыкание , для achieve the desired effect would require increasing doses to the heart muscle that can be fatal.

Very sweet tea . Active substance: sucrose. This is the easiest of complex carbohydrates. Quickly and with meager energy consumption, it splits into two identical molecules of glucose, the energy value of each of which, in turn, by contrast, is extremely high. For the brain is a clean fuel, greatly increases the concentration and efficiency. But for the amount of glucose in the blood followed the pancreas, so that the sharp increase in the amount of glucose should prompt a horse's insulin dose, which it binds. But most importantly - the pancreas is not able to calculate when the glucose level increases and when decreases, so the insulin pumps, even when his number is in excess. "Overweight" insulin binds already final, vital for brain glucose and the latter begins to experience kolosalny energy shortage. As a result instead of short-time increase efficiency and obtain long-term inhibition of irresistible sleepiness .

Additional information

http://www.erowid.org/smarts/ - Table nootropikov with brief information and pictures

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ноотропы - Russian encyclopaedic (Scientific, complex) article

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropics - less text, more links. If you start here, you can find almost everything about nootropikah (several hops).

list of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances prohibited, controlled, restricted and banned, etc. in Russia