latest flurry of scientific and technological revolutions that shake now space physics, molecular biology, nanophysics, nanochemistry, cognitive Science, kompyutersayens, nanoinformatiku and Nanoelectronics - the priority subject postnonclassycal research. Enormously accelerating the race in high-tech industry named Revolution, will be before the end of the XXI century to define the horizons of the scientific world (see 1). That is why the philosophical discourse on current developments the social role of science and generated by its high-tech industry, the long-term implications of these changes is the most influential discourse of our time.
Thanks mentioned revolutions process of scientific and technological mastery by man of the world came to a new level associated with creating and using takihsverhtehnology as nanoinzheneriynye, molecular biology, nanogenomnye, nanomedical, neuro-chip technology, virtual reality, artificial intelligence and others deploying practices implement such grandiose mega-projects such as "genome", "Human Genome", "Nanotech" "Biotech", "Artificial superintelligence, man becomes aware of itself not only exists in the form of evolving biological physicality, but and in the form of multidimensional sound social and cultural environment, progressively integrating into all the creations of human genius (from stone scraper to artificial superintelligence). The old form of human existence, which is typical for modern times, is now recognized as not only possible, not as an ontological constant, and as one of the temporal evolution of forms of human existence.
The major difference between the new round of global evolution of Homo sapiens'a - maximum full use of the knowledge of the fundamental primordial inanimate, living and anthropic matter. Knowledge about the anthropic matter - it is knowledge about the human genome his physicality, his neuro-system, a complex set of interactions of its sensory channels (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.), various ways of processing information. The practice of using such a powerful knowledge (which includes self-consciousness of self, samokonstruirovanie, self-actualization, caring humanity to his being) turns a man into a subject of action that:
- creates artificial atoms, the world of programmable atomic structures,
- changes at its discretion, the genomes of all living beings of the planet,
- modifies its own genome,
- enormously strengthens their intelligence by implanting in the body, in its neuro-system of ever more powerful neuro-chips,
- creates planetary computer-media networks and their means of exposing itself to more powerful information pressure,
- creates a "reasonable" environment by means of which concern about his being in the world, changes it overcomes its limitations,
- transforms itself into postcheloveka.
entering a new evolutionary regime, the humanity покидает ту онтологию, ту реальность, которая формировалась как бы «самотеком» в ходе всей предшествующей глобальной эволюции Homo sapiens’a. Оно становится creator and user of the above-mentioned nanoinzheneriynyh, molecular biology, nanogenomnyh, nanomedical technologies, technologies of neuro-chips virtual reality, artificial intelligence. Increasing their scientific and technological power, humanity extends its design, design, control activities not only in the macro world, but also on nano , ie world of atomic and molecular structures of living and nonliving matter. Thanks such scientific and technological expansion of the future of humanity is presented as a surrogate ontology, ie as being, which is created by man, guns all the more powerful science-based technologies. In the XXI century concern about the surrogate ontology is interpreted as a concern of humanity on himself.
Industry High Technologies of XXI century as cheaper practice of transformation of individual and collective consciousness, that it became popular and ubiquitous. Technology, by which it carried all sorts of changes in the living human mind (as opposed to high-tech (ie, high technology, designed change of nature) have been called high-hume.
Originally opposition «high-tech - high-hume» looked like a tough dichotomy, which precludes their interconversion each other. However, all the accelerating race in computer science, cognitive science, bio-information, and gennomnoy nanoengineering blurred rigid boundary between the two mentioned categories of technologies. As a result, in place of the former dichotomy «high-tech - high-hume» formed a powerful symbiosis, which is integrated in a practical all technologies. All these processes have created real conditions for scientific and technological breakthrough in a new reality.
Nanoinzheneriynye, genomic, nanomedical, information and media technologies, as well as neuro-chip technology, virtual reality and artificial intelligence have not yet become the base for planetary society, ie those with which it perpetuates its totality in the world. However, the leading social experts say that they will become established in the next few decades. By 2050, says R. Kurzweil, will be the neuro-implants that allow people to directly connect to your brain, a variety of devices (additional memory, tutorials, tools to see other areas of the spectrum). With their help, people can not only to expand their knowledge and perception of the world, but to translate your personality into electronic form (2). And as soon as the technology of neural implants become everyday reality, planetary evolution temporitm society acquires such an acceleration, what did not yet know all the earlier evolution of Homo sapiens'a. Under the accrual pressure from the practice of the basic technologies of the XXI century material and spatial environment, which evolves our megasotsium will vary with unprecedented before the acceleration. The practice of applying new technologies expose the profound changes the human genome, its physicality, its neuro-system, his intellect, his ethical-ontological relation to one's own being, to nature, to the impending fate megasotsiuma. This forecast experts lavinopodobny process of transformation of human existence in the world today called by various terms: «breakthrough into a new reality," an occurrence in a technological singularity "," humanitarian revolution. " Understanding features, consequences and future prospects of a breakthrough into a new reality - urgent task of philosophical thought of the XXI century.
Upgrade basic technology industry: fears and anxieties.
Global megasotsiuma transformation initiated by explosive development of high-tech industry - an integral consequence of the current flurry of scientific and technological revolutions. In scope and depth of impact the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a this event can be compared with the Paleolithic revolution. " The beginning of this event is considered to be occurring now upgrade the amount of technology with which our megasotsium still reproduce his being in the universe. Before our eyes, the traditional technology megasotsiuma уступают место наноинженерийным, молекулярно-биологическим, геномным, компьютерно-сетевым технологиям, технологиям нанороботов, нейро-чипов и искусственного intelligence. These new technologies are now referred to by terms such as «Technologies of the Third Millennium", "singular Technology, transgumanisticheskie Technology "," Technologies of XXI Century ".
Sociocultural reality generated by the practice of using these new technologies will dramatically different from the reality, which plunged all of our lives and the particle which it is. For the initiators of this practice are technologically feasible such riskogennye actions as:
- uncontrolled changes of the global metabolism anthroposphere.
- transgenesis, ie modification genomes of any living beings of the planet (including the genome of the man himself).
- global transformation of information and media environment, and planetary communication praxis.
- Targeted genetic changes, anthropological, social and cultural identity of the person.
- very risky and deconstruction chronotope, which evolves anthropic.
- Accelerating global evolution of Homo sapiens'a,
- uncontrolled exposure to the global process formation of the impending fate of a man in the world.
Anthropogenic actions of this kind carried out by the creators and users of technologies of the third Goals generate a reality that has on our being ambivalent impact. Generating not only benefits than ever before, but also global negative threat to human being, these actions by their consequences are concerned, not only in the humanities, but also post-industrial community, not to the extent digitized creators of Technical Sciences. Actually therefore the sum technologies of the new millennium, through which the global transformation our reality, is now in the crucible of the most pressing social and philosophical discussions. At the heart of this debate are the following problems:
- Which evolutionary state is rushing us now express technology of the third millennium?
- What exactly does the subject, guns so powerful technologies, with the planet Earth, its biosphere, the planetary social medium?
- How does the practice of using these technologies will change the space genomes of all living beings of the planet?
- What reforms he would expose their own genome, physicality, neuro-system, intelligence?
- How This practice changed genetic anthropological, socio-cultural identity of the person, his standing in the world?
- Is the impending humanitarian revolution on an unprecedented leap in global evolution Homosapiens'a, during which the current people give way postcheloveku ?
Self is clear that within this article may be addressed only some issues with this ever-expanding problem field. In subsequent sections will address these problems:
- specific technologies of the XXI century.
- problem of human singularity.
- latest change in the social status of knowledge.
- practice of freedom: the distance, and near the singularity.
- Anthropology postcheloveka - a mirage or the future?
specific technologies of the XXI century
problem in the title of this section, is the key to understanding the current acceleration of the global evolution of Homo sapiens'a. For the sake of concreteness, we consider this problem as an example of such technologies of the XXI century as nanotechnology. The principal difference between these technologies will become much clearer if we use next unpretentious analogy.
Suppose we prepare the dough with raisins for baking cake. If we are going to knead this dough by hand, then, as we had not tried raisin in the test will still be intact, not destroyed. Same "nerazmolotymi" are the atoms in makroveschestve if the substance is processed using traditional technologies.
dough would be dramatically altered its quality only in case if we use more powerful technology of its mixing (For example, if we missed it by much grinding meat grinder). In this case it would become a homogeneous mixture in which the difference between raisins and a test would have disappeared completely.
Something similar happens with the material when processing it with the help of such technologies of the XXI century, namely nanotechnology. Traditional technologies remain intact because the opposition of the atom - makroveschestvo "that does not manipulate nanoparticles (ie, not individual atoms) such as atomic arrays, each of which consists of vast numbers of atoms. Traditional technology is not the atoms in the nanoparticles breaks up and do not exercise assembly of the atomic structures of nanoparticles. That's why using traditional technologies can not be converted to, say, an atom of lead in the gold atom, or create an artificial iron atom, whose properties are substantially different from the natural iron atom. Transforming makroveschestvo, traditional technologies, do not destroy nature, atoms and atomic structures. Especially since they are not able to create artificial, synthetic, surrogate atoms, ie such atoms not found in nature. All this explains the fact that traditional technologies are only effective at a level that is higher than the atomic level.
users of traditional technologies able to convert a flint spearhead, soil tillage, the tree in the wood products, metal tractor plastic into the computer, etc. But what they do, say, ribosomes, chromosomes or DNA molecules, he can not do. Ribosome - an analogue of nanosized robotic picker, which is capable of the atomic structures produce different proteins (ie makroveschestva), of which organisms are living creatures of our planet. Despite its paltry nanoscale, the ribosome is able to build virtually any protein, amino acids connected in series (ie, composite of protein) in a certain order. Ribosomes, functioning in every biological cell - is a vivid example of how nature uses nanotechnology in the production process makroveschestv the world. In comparison with the ribosome biokletka - this is a band of robot builders, ie, original "nanofactory" production makroveschestv.
If a person using nanotechnology could do all the things that make the ribosomes, it would have been able to carry out atomic-molecular assembly of any makroveschestv necessary to humanity. Figuratively speaking, he would be able, by expanding on the atoms surrounding dirt and the atmosphere, producing such atoms any vitally important matter and materials - food, pharmacy, composite etc.
value of nanotechnology is precisely that they allow their users to artificially implement a production makroveschestv which exercise of the ribosome. Nanotechnology in synthesis with other basic technologies of the XXI century already allow a person to create artificial atoms atomic structures, programming matter at the atomic level, to carry out atomic-molecular assembly of various substances. Such technologies can to change the will of man physical properties of matter at the atomic level, atomic structure and the simplest molecules, ie at the level of objects and processes commensurate with nanometer.
Nanotechnology from the very beginning aimed at creating (design, production) of different types of surrogate mother. Examples of such types of matter can serve as quantum dots (quantum drops), the quantum lattice quantum wires, nanotubes, etc. Nature does not create this kind of material structure. Therefore named the structure is estimated as artificial, synthetic, surrogate. They are called so not only because they created man, but also because people can program their properties, interactions, behavior.
Devices designed from the surrogate atoms (ie, nanowires, nanopoluprovodniki, nanodiody, nanotransistors, nanotriggery, nanoprotsessory, etc.), allow a person to install over a synthetic cloth reliable and effective control. This means that the person who creates with the help of nanotechnology synthetic matter, acquires the ability to control structures and processes nanoworld and at its discretion, to modify their properties.
But how a person (being a macroscopic creature whose dimensions are in billions times larger than the size of atoms) can interact with the inhabitants of the nanoworld and dictate its will? How and why a person an opportunity to program matter at the atomic level?
The most common answer is: all this was made possible by a stunning achievement nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, Nanophotonics, Nanoelectronics, and other nanoinformatiki nanosciences. Achieve these sciences nanotechnology have allowed the exchange of electromagnetic signals between a man and nanostructures (ie, exchange of information coded in the form of electromagnetic signals). Since this exchange of information by using technologies developed on the basis of achievements nanoinformatiki, to that extent it will become increasingly important role in the future transformation of the surrounding reality.
Natural atom, as is known - is a cloud of electrons trapped in microscopic volume. Artificial atom - Is also a cloud of electrons trapped in microscopic volume. But in natural atom referred to the electron cloud is held in a microvolume is not a man and the kernel. It is a cloud holds a microvolume nature itself, which created the core of its electromagnetic field. Such withholding nature carried out long before the appearance rights.
In the artificial atom is the nucleus. A cloud of electrons is held not by the Coulomb field of the nucleus, and physical fields, specially created человеком. Но в отличие от природы, наноинженер не только удерживает такими полями электронное облако, но и, варьируя характеристики этих полей, он как бы отдает Team of the electron cloud - teams that are encoded by means of electromagnetic waves. Electron clouds nanoworld (ie, artificial atoms and atomic structure), taking the human team, change their natural qualities and behaviors. Each of nanotechnology - is some way to give nanostructures referred to the team, orders, directives, man. In the future, these teams will be given by means of nano. That's why nanocomputers and Technology Artificial superintelligence will also acquire a fundamental role in the practice of technological change the natural properties of atomic structures scale.
above, apparently, is enough to understand where a person (the creator of nanotechnology), it is possible to give commands surrogate "Atom, atomic structures. It is also clear why the man wielding the new century technology, at its discretion, may modify the physical properties and the behavior of atomic structures. Disposing of information, "wired" into nanostructures, perfecting methods of transmission of information teams nanosystems person makes all the more powerful authority over the world of nano. Such power allows the person using nanotechnology to control, manipulate, program constructed of artificial atoms, from which he subsequently creates different types of surrogate mothers with pre-ordered properties.
problem of human singularity
existential situation that generates all the expanding manufacturing practices and use of technology третьего тысячелетия, не может быть адекватно описана с помощью нынешних мировоззренческих понятий о мире, о человеке, о планетарном социуме, о глобальной Evolution Homosapiens'a. That's why this existential situation (similar to the cosmological singularity ) denoted by terms such as «anthropogenic singularity "," scientific and technological singularity "," social singularity ". All these terms refer to the same evolutionary megasotsiuma state to which it is speeding the current race in the technology of the third millennium. Since the practice of using such technology brings Our megasotsium to the state of singularity, where possible evolutionary leap «people - postchelovek», so far in the current literature, these New technology is increasingly referred to by terms such as «Singular Technology, transgumannye Technology, transchelovecheskie technology."
According to leading social experts, called technology will transform the XXI century in the age of tectonic transformation of global society. And it means that the practice of using singular technologies will inevitably be a major source of existential anxieties of our age. This will happen before likely, because the most likely option of the future, to which this practice is speeding our society - a state singularity. about what she really is a source of existential anxiety, convincingly demonstrates the latest stream of global socio-philosophical bestseller. Here are just a small sample from this flow:
- «Technological Singularity" - the author VernorVindzh (See: 3).
- «The future of human nature. On the way to the liberal Eugenics? "- by Jurgen Habermas (see: 4-5).
- «Our Posthuman Future. Consequences of the biotechnology revolution "- by Francis Fukuyama (See: 6).
- «End of the familiar world. Sociology of the XXI century ". - Immanuel Wallerstein, the author (see: 7).
- «The man in the face of uncertainty" - a team authors under the arms. Prigogine (See: 8).
- «Why do not we need the future?" - By Bill Joy (See: 9).
- Century machine animation "- author Ray Kurtsvayl (See: 10).
- «risk society. On the way to another modernity "- by Ulrich Beck (See: 11).
- «Technology and Life: The Man and postchelovek" - by Dominique Lekur (See: 12).
bestselling authors named are concerned that the reality created by the underlying technologies of the XXI century, takes a deep contradiction with the fact temporitmom our megasotsiuma that emerged in the course of his entire previous evolution. Globalizing practices in the use of technologies of the XXI century, literally before our eyes, turning a human being (in its totality) into an object of increasingly daring and highly risky procedures. Genesis genomes, corporeality man, his neuro-system, his intelligence is becoming a kind of "semi-finished product, which is bio-genome-psycho-socio-Engineering commissioned a market economy.
problem scientific and technological singularity, so - this does not narrow technical issue, and the most pressing social worldview problem humanists of the XXI century. It expresses a general concern of intellectuals, philosophers and social analysts of the impending fate of human existence in a world that is formed under increasing pressure from the scientific and technological activism.
One of the first problem formulated the great mathematician John von Neumann. In 1950, he stated that the exponential acceleration of technological progress, generating large-scale changes in life people, excite a feeling of approximation of a fatal singularity, ie special status in the history of human race. Word «Singularity» John von Neumann meant such a rapid change in the conditions of human existence that people adapt to such rapidly changing conditions is question. In other words, singularity here associated with the upcoming scrapping of the current temporitma evolution of mankind, which was formed in the previous millennium. Actually so imminent singularity could not cause the humanities existential anxiety for the coming the fate of mankind.
Forty years after von Neumann, the idea «future as a singularity» got a slightly different interpretation. In studies of Vernor Vinge and his followers, she appeared as a consequence of technological progress is not in its totality, but as the product of the mega-project "Artificial superintelligence.
Once the artificial superintelligence "exceed the natural power of human reason (And this, according to leading experts of our time, happen in the next decade), the development of a planetary civilization can be carried out according to the following evolutionary scenario:
first scenario: Create an increasingly powerful media superintelligence artificial (ie posthumans) intellectual ability that will be enormously greater than man's ability.
second scenario: progressive improvement of tissue планетарных компьютерно-информационно-медийных сетей, которая в интеграции с ее пользователями в какой-то момент может осознать себя как эволюционирующее sverhrazumnoe creature.
third scenario: Improving computer-human interface, which provides so closely biological organism and the computers that users' ability to reasonably be considered superhuman.
fourth scenario: Using the latest advances of genetics, nano-electronics, nanoinformatiki, quantum computing, which already provide a means for progressing improve natural human intellect.
evolution of planetary megasotsiuma according to any of the above scenarios inevitably plunges it to the state singularity, ie the state of postmodern upgrade all its dimensions. As we approach megasotsiuma to this state, he progressively transformed into «society of knowledge." His basic science, developed with technology of the new century, transformed into an industry that produces the most dangerous weapon of total destruction of animate and inanimate matter. These are the weapons of apocalyptic forces become scientific knowledge about the fundamental fundamental principle of living and nonliving matter. In these circumstances, the problem of the social status of knowledge is one of the most compelling.
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Taken from: 2084.ru
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